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Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention was held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 25 May to 17 September 1787. Spurred on by economic troubles left over from the American Revolution and compounded by the weak Articles of Confederation...
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The Congress of Vienna: Crash Course
The end of the Napoleonic Wars left the great powers of Europe shaken. Judging from the destruction that had been wrought across the continent, it seemed to the powers that be that the Enlightenment had liberated the people, and led to disaster...
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The Scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference, 1885
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, also known as the Congo Conference, was convened by European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. Led by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck at the request...
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Soviet War Memorial in Berlin
Soviet War memorial in the Großer Tiergarten, Berlin, photographed by Manfred Brueckels, 2007. The memorial itself was unveiled in November 1945 to commemorate the Soviet Union's losses in the war, especially those who died during the Battle...
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Bombed Berlin Reichstag, 1945
A June 1945 photograph showing the bomb-damaged Reichstag in Berlin. (Imperial War Museums, London)
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Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin
The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin. The church was damaged in the bombing of Berlin during the Second World War (1939-45) and left as a memorial.
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Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 1945
A June 1945 photograph of the ruined Brandenburg Gate in Berlin after the battle for th at city at the close of the German-Soviet War, the Eastern Front of the Second World War (1939-45). (German Federal Archives)
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Berlin Anti-aircraft Defences
A 1942 photograph of one of the anti-aircraft gun installations which protected Berlin during the Second World War. (German Federal Archives)
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USAAF Bombing Berlin, 1944
A photograph taken in May 1944 of a United States Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress bomber over Berlin. The bomber has been damaged by bombs dropped from another plane in the formation. (Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum)
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Vandalised Jewish Shop, Berlin
A photograph showing a smashed Jewish-owned shop in Berlin, Germany. The Nazis orchestrated Kristallnacht (‘Night of Broken Glass’), an attack on Jews and Jewish property across Germany and Austria on 9-10 November, 1938. (UK National Archives...
