Bohemia: Did you mean...?

The Mongol invasions of Russia and Eastern Europe occurred first with a brief sortie in 1223 CE and then again in a much larger campaign between 1237 CE and 1242 CE. The Mongols, seemingly coming from nowhere and quickly...

In ancient Celtic cultures, torcs were a common form of jewellery and were made from bronze, copper, silver, and gold. Torcs were not just exquisite works of Celtic art but also identified the wearer’s status and perhaps were...

Women scientists during the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) were few in number because male-dominated educational institutions, as well as scientific societies and academies, barred women entry, meaning...

The Ulm Campaign (25 September to 20 October 1805) was a military operation during the War of the Third Coalition (1805-1806). Through a series of maneuvers, the 210,000 men of the French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon I...

Exsurge Domine (“Arise, O Lord” in Latin) is a papal bull issued 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X (served 1513-1521) condemning Martin Luther’s 95 Theses as heresy along with any other works by Luther or those who supported him. Luther...

On 20 April 1792, King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) stood before the Legislative Assembly and, with a faltering voice, read a declaration of war against Austria, to the ecstatic delight...

Ever since the 4th century BCE, the Gallic tribes of northern Italy clashed with the expanding Roman Republic. In 225 BCE, the Boii forged alliances with fellow Gallic tribes of northern Italy and with tribes from across the...

This map illustrates the emergence of the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-10th century, following the final division of the Eastern and Western Frankish realms in the late 9th century. Under Otto I...

Portrait of the Devil, Codex Gigas, f. 290r., created in the early 13th century CE in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic). National Library of Sweden, Stockholm.

A June 1942 photograph showing the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) at the funeral in Berlin of Reinhard Heydrich (1904-42), a senior Nazi and leader in Bohemia and Moravia who was assassinated by the Czech...