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Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette

The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), formerly the queen of France, was among the opening events of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Accused of a series of crimes that included conspiring with...
Marie Antoinette
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (l. 1755-1793) was the queen of France during the turbulent final years of the Ancien Régime and the subsequent French Revolution (1789-1799). With the ascension of her husband Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792), she became...
Estates-General of 1789
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Estates-General of 1789

The Estates-General of 1789 was a meeting of the three estates of pre-revolutionary France: clergy, nobility, and commons. Summoned by King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) to deal with financial and societal crises, it ended with the Third...
Louis XVI of France
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI (l. 1754-1793) was the last king of France (r. 1774-1792) before the monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution (1789-99). An indecisive king, his attempts to navigate France through the crises of the 1780s failed, leading...
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jacques-Pierre Brissot

Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793) was a French journalist, abolitionist, and politician who played a prominent role in the French Revolution (1789-1799). A leader of the Girondins, a moderate political faction, Brissot was instrumental...
Why Was Fascism Obsessed With Sports?
Article by Fabio Sappino

Why Was Fascism Obsessed With Sports?

Can physical education be part of a totalitarian project to control and reshape the masses? Both the leader of Fascist Italy, Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), and the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), believed that sports could...
The Three Estates of Pre-revolutionary France
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Three Estates of Pre-revolutionary France

The Three Estates of pre-revolutionary France were the hierarchical social divisions that structured society under the Ancien Régime (French for "Old Regime," a term coined after the French Revolution to describe the pre-revolutionary system...
Map of the French Revolution and Wars 1789-99
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the French Revolution and Wars 1789-99

The French Revolution (1789–1799) also known The Revolution of 1789 to distinguish it from the ones of 1830 and 1848, was a transformative decade that reshaped France and reverberated across Europe. Sparked by economic crisis, social inequality...
Trial and Execution of Louis XVI
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Trial and Execution of Louis XVI

The trial and execution of King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) was one of the most impactful events of the French Revolution (1789-99). In December 1792, the former king, now referred to as Citizen Louis Capet, was tried and found guilty...
The Grand Strategy of Classical Sparta
Article by Paul Rahe

The Grand Strategy of Classical Sparta

In ancient Lacedaemon, as in all enduring political communities, there was a symbiotic relationship between the form of government chosen, the way of life that this form of government fostered, and the grand strategy that the community gradually...
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