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Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, both fought on 14 October 1806, marked a major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw the French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) soundly defeat the Prussian...
Andrea Mantegna
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Andrea Mantegna

Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431-1506 CE) was an Italian Renaissance artist most famous for his use of foreshortening and other perspective techniques in engravings, paintings, and frescoes. Another common feature of Mantegna's work is his frequent...
Hans Holbein the Younger
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1497-1543 CE) was a German Renaissance painter who is most famous for his portraits. A versatile artist and superb draughtsman, Holbein was accomplished in different mediums from woodcut engravings to murals...
Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2
Article by Mark Cartwright

Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2

The siege of Sevastopol (Oct 41 to Jul 42) was an attack by Axis forces on the base of the USSR's Black Sea Fleet during Operation Barbarossa of the Second World War (1939-45). Sevastopol (aka Sebastopol) had one of the world's strongest...
Battle of Eylau
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Eylau

The Battle of Eylau (7-8 February 1807) was a bloody but inconclusive military engagement during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Fought on the snowy fields of Poland, the two-day battle resulted in a draw. Eylau marked the first serious...
Schlieffen Plan
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Schlieffen Plan - Germany's WWI Plan to Invade France

The Schlieffen Plan, prepared by German Chief of Staff General Alfred von Schlieffen (1833-1913) in 1905, was a secret plan of attack by German armed forces against France, should the two countries go to war. The objective was to quickly...
Operation Barbarossa
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Operation Barbarossa - Hitler's Invasion of the USSR

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), leader of Nazi Germany, attacked the USSR on 22 June 1941 with the largest army ever assembled. The Axis offensive of June-December 1941 was code-named Operation Barbarossa ('Redbeard') after Frederick Barbarossa...
Life in a Renaissance Artist's Workshop
Article by Mark Cartwright

Life in a Renaissance Artist's Workshop

The majority of great Renaissance works of art were produced in large and busy workshops run by a successful master artist and his team of assistants and apprentices. Here, too, more mundane art was produced in larger quantities to meet the...
Nuremberg Trials
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Nuremberg Trials

The Nuremberg trials (1945-6), held in Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, were a series of trials involving the senior surviving Nazis to hold them accountable for waging war and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Second...
Copies & Fakes in Art during the Renaissance
Article by Mark Cartwright

Copies & Fakes in Art during the Renaissance

The Renaissance period witnessed a great renewed interest in the art of antiquity. There was an appreciation of the technical skill required to produce such objects as a Roman marble figure of Venus and an admiration for the form and beauty...
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