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Image Gallery
A Gallery of 50 Renaissance Paintings
In this gallery, we present 50 of the most important Renaissance paintings created by the greatest artists from Jan van Eyck (c. 1390-1441) to Tintoretto (1518-1594). The paintings are presented in chronological order of artists and their...
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Battle of Kiev in 1941
The Battle of Kiev (Kyiv) in July-September 1941 was a major Axis victory in Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler's attack on the USSR during the Second World War (1939-45). Hitler wanted the resources of Ukraine since these would allow the...
Article
Battle of Białystok-Minsk
The Battle of Białystok-Minsk in Jun-Jul 1941, which involved the encirclement of entire Soviet armies positioned near each city in Poland and Belarus, respectively, was one of the first victories by Nazi Germany and its Axis allies against...
Article
Battle of Tourcoing
The Battle of Tourcoing (17-18 May 1794) was a major engagement in the War of the First Coalition, the first phase of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). It saw an army of the French Republic successfully fend off a six-pronged attack...
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Adolf Hitler & Generals, 1943
A March 1943 photograph of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, alongside several of his generals as they study maps of the Eastern Front during the German-Soviet War of the Second World War (1939-45). The generals are (L...
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Stauffenberg & Quirnheim
A photograph of Claus von Stauffenberg (1907-44) and Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, conspirators in the 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany. Stauffenberg placed the bomb in Hitler's command centre but the Führer survived...
Definition
Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel (l.c. 1465-1519) was a Dominican Friar who became famous as one of the most effective indulgence salesmen and who inadvertently inspired the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) wrote his 95 Theses protesting...
Definition
Cardinal Thomas Cajetan
Cardinal Thomas Cajetan (l.c. 1468-1534) was a Catholic theologian and philosopher best known for his disputations with Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) beginning in 1518. Cajetan, a philosophical Humanist, was thought to have had the best chance...
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The Mechanical Turk
The Mechanical Turk, illustration in Joseph Friedrich von Racknitz's pamphlet On Mr. von Kempelen's Chess Player and its Replica, 1789. This drawing depicts how von Racknitz believed the so-called Mechanical Turk, a supposed chess-playing...
Definition
Moroccan Crises - German v. French Imperialism
The Moroccan Crises were two international incidents, the first in 1905-6 and the second in 1911, when Imperial Germany, eager to expand its empire, threatened France's presence in Morocco. France's position was supported by Britain and Russia...