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A 17th-century painting by Henri Testelin titled Establishment of the French Academy of Sciences and of Paris Observatory. Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715) is shown being presented the founding members of the Academy and Observatory (shown...

A 15th-century portrait of the astronomer and geographer Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 - c. 170 CE) attributed to Justus van Gent or Pedro Berruguete. (Louvre Museum, Paris)

A 17th-century map by Jan van Loon of the cosmos as proposed by the astronomer and geographer Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 - c. 170 CE).

A map of the Moon's surface by Galileo (1564-1642), drawn using a telescope the astronomer had built himself. The uneven line of shadow aided Galileo in identifying the nature of the Moon's surface and the approximate size of its mountains...

A modern statue of Maria Cunitz (1610-1664), the German-Polish astronomer, in Swidnica in Poland. The figure is holding Cunitz's book Urania Propitia, published in 1650.

A photo of the Nebra Sky Disc, a Bronze Age artifact (c. 1600 BCE) found in Nebra, Germany.

The travels of Edmond Halley (1656–1742) exemplify the expanding reach of scientific inquiry during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, an era shaped by the Scientific Revolution. Operating within the maritime world of the Kingdom of...

Babylonian astronomical diaries recorded daily observation of the moon and planets from around the 7th century BCE onward. The diaries for 164-163 BCE contain observations of Halley's comet at its 1st and last visibility. This observation...

An illustration of the solar system by Martin Kornmesser. From The International Astronomical Union.

A diagram created by the famous Iranian polymath Al-Biruni (973 – after 1050) depicting a Lunar Eclipse.