Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: Did you mean...?

Mahmud II was one of the most influential sultans of the Ottoman Empire. As a radical reformer, he strove to implement military and governmental reforms to prevent the empire from collapsing. His removal of the Janissary corps, the establishment...

The Gallipoli Campaign took place in Turkey in 1915-16 during the First World War (1914-18). This major expedition involved British, French, Australian, and New Zealand (ANZAC) troops and was launched to break through the Dardanelles into...

Caliphate (“Khilafat” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme leader called...

The Paris Peace Conference, held from January 1919 to January 1920 and attended by the victorious Allied powers, debated and agreed the terms of the peace settlement that formally ended the First World War (1914-18). As four empires were...

The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in Turkish as Osmanlı Devleti, was a Turkic imperial state that was conceived by and named after Osman (l. 1258-1326...

Joachim Murat (1767-1815) was a French cavalry officer who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802) and Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). He was appointed marshal of the French Empire in 1804, Grand Duke of Berg in 1806, and ruled as...

The pirates of the ancient Mediterranean were not, for the most part, the outsiders who knew no country's allegiance and were the enemies of civilization as they are frequently depicted in novels and other media. They were often employed...

This reconstruction of the 14th-century water clock from the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque (Fez, Morocco) is now on display at the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam. The Dar al-Muwaqqit is a...

Portrait of Sultan Mahmud II, painting by Henry Guillaume Schlesinger, 1839. This painting of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was given to French King Louis-Phillipe as a gift by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. Palace of Versailles, France

Discover what it took to build the Panama Canal, and how this colossal construction project changed the region. — In the 19th century, the California gold rush brought thousands of settlers to America's west coast. But finding gold...