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Volunteer Services in the London Blitz
Article by Mark Cartwright

Volunteer Services in the London Blitz

An army of 250,000 volunteers, both men and women, working in many different services, ensured life went on during the London Blitz, a period of sustained bombing by the German Air Force on the British capital between September 1940 and May...
Glass Beaker for Ritual Services
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Glass Beaker for Ritual Services

This glass beaker was used for religious rituals and communal services and dates back to the Parthian/Sassanid period, 350 BCE to 636 CE. From Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. The Sulaimaniya Museum, Iraq.
The History of Christmas Carols
Article by Mark Cartwright

The History of Christmas Carols

Christmas carols are a much-loved part of the Christmas season and while many have a long history, others are surprisingly recent. From medieval dancing songs to the 19th-century revival, the words and music of carols have evolved over time...
English Reformation
Definition by Mark Cartwright

English Reformation

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome. The Protestant...
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). The settlement continued the English Reformation which had...
London Blitz
Definition by Mark Cartwright

London Blitz

The London Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain's capital by the German and Italian air forces from September 1940 to May 1941 during the Second World War (1939-45). The objective was to bomb Britain into submission, but despite almost...
Liangzhu Culture Jade
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Liangzhu Culture Jade

Jade artifacts and icons are almost synonymous with the Chinese culture going back thousands of years. Jade (nephrite) was first worked into recognizable objects c. 6000 BCE during the period of the Houli Culture (c. 6500 - c. 5500 BCE...
Religion in Colonial America
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Religion in Colonial America

Religion in Colonial America was dominated by Christianity although Judaism was practiced in small communities after 1654. Christian denominations included Anglicans, Baptists, Catholics, Congregationalists, German Pietists, Lutherans, Methodists...
The Layout of a Medieval Abbey
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Layout of a Medieval Abbey

Abbeys were a striking feature of medieval urban and rural landscapes. Their layout and architecture reflected their purpose as cut-off monastic retreats which, conversely, also served and inspired their local communities. Although evolving...
A Medieval Christmas
Article by Mark Cartwright

A Medieval Christmas

Christmas was one of the highlights of the medieval calendar, not only for the rich but also for the peasantry. For the longest holiday of the year, typically the full twelve days of Christmas, people stopped work, homes were decorated and...
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