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Robert II of Scotland
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert II of Scotland

Robert II of Scotland ruled as king from 1371 to 1390. Born Robert Stewart, he succeeded the heirless David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371) and so founded the royal house of Stewart. Dividing Scottish estates between his many offspring, Robert...
HMS Gaspee
Image by S. G. Studley

HMS Gaspee

HMS Gaspee, a Royal Navy schooner that was seized and burned by American colonists on 10 June 1772, in the leadup to the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), a 19th-century sketch by S. G. Studley, 1892.
Robert the Bruce
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert the Bruce

Robert I of Scotland, better known as Robert the Bruce, reigned as King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329 CE. For his role in achieving independence from England, Robert the Bruce has long been regarded as a national hero and one of Scotland's...
Robert Guiscard
Definition by Christopher L. Serafin

Robert Guiscard

Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) was a Norman knight best known for conquering much of Southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th century. His many exploits include the expulsion of the Byzantines from Italy, support of a reformist papacy, and...
Valkyrie by Edward Robert Hughes
Image by Edward Robert Hughes

Valkyrie by Edward Robert Hughes

A painting titled Valkyrie's Vigil created by the painter Edward Robert Hughes before 1915. Valkyries were key figures in various Norse sagas that were present in Prose Edda, the Heimskringla and the Njáls Saga. They were maidens whose role...
Robert Boyle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was an Anglo-Irish chemist, physicist, and experimental philosopher. Boyle was a prolific author, made significant experiments with air pumps, and presented the first litmus test. A founding member of the Royal Society...
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (l. c. 1532-1588 CE), was a high-ranking courtier who rose to become a favourite of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). Rumours abounded that Dudley sought to marry the queen, and their relationship...
Zeno of Citium
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium (l. c. 336-265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living in accordance with reason was the purpose of human life...
Protagoras
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Protagoras

Protagoras of Abdera (l. c. 485-415 BCE) is considered the greatest of the Sophists of ancient Greece and the first philosopher in the West to promote Subjectivism, arguing that interpretation of any given experience, or anything whatsoever...
Anaximenes
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Anaximenes

Anaximenes of Miletus (l. c. 546 BCE) was a younger contemporary of Anaximander and generally regarded as his student. Known as the Third Philosopher of the Milesian School after Thales (l. c. 585 BCE) and Anaximander (l. c. 610 - c. 546...
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