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Sumer
Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means “land of the...
Definition
State of Nature
The state of nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). It refers to a state of existence...
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The Iraq Museum & Three Wars: Three Steps from Hell
This article documents and elaborates on the many critical behind-the-scenes events, unknown to the public, before the history leaves us. The author The bulk of the “the land between the two rivers” lies in what we call today the...
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Knife Money from Ancient China
Knife money of the Warring States period retained some features of the real tools, including the ring and the strengethening ridges on the handle. The States in the north and north-east issued knife money. 1. Zhao State, circa 500 BCE...
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Spade Money from Ancient China
During the Warring States period, 475-221 BCE, the various states used different forms of spade money. There are several weight systems, and this is reflected in the inscriptions. 2. Zhou State, 300s BCE, Warring States period. 3. Wei...
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Money of the Chu State, China
The Chu State in south-east China had a unique culture of its own, yet also interacted with other states. This is reflected in the variety of its coinage: small bronze coins (known as "ant-nose" money modelled on cowrie shells), spade money...
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Vienna State Opera, c. 1898
A photograph by Josef Löwy of the Vienna State Opera House, taken around 1898 when the composer Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was its director.
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Saddam Hussein Plaque in Babylon
Modern mud-brick in a wall which was inscribed with Arabic language that mentions the name of Saddam Hussein as the president and protector of the great Iraq, who had re-built Babylon in 1987-1988 CE .” This brick documents the first and...
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Merchant Houses, Bryggen, Bergen
Bryggen - "The German Dock", is the Hanseatic quarter in Bergen, Norway. The Hanseatic merchants traded stockfish from northern Norway in Bergen between the 14th and 18th centuries and exported to the Hanseatic towns in the Baltic and on...
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Cartouche of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
The cartouche of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, from the Abydos King List, Temple of Seti I, Abydos, Egypt