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French Republican Calendar
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

French Republican Calendar

The French Republican calendar, also known as the French Revolutionary calendar, was created during the French Revolution (1789-1799) in an attempt to build a new society separate from the vestiges of the Ancien Régime. First implemented...
Matilda of Tuscany
Definition by Michael Griffith

Matilda of Tuscany

Matilda of Canossa (c. 1046-1115), the Countess of Tuscany (r. 1055-1115) and Vice-Queen of Italy (r. 1111-1115), was the final head of the noble House of Canossa following the deaths of her father in 1052 and her elder brother in 1055. One...
Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi

Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2029-1982 BCE) written for one of his sons. The lullaby follows a standard form of encouraging sleep through repetition coupled with the speaker's wishes...
Investiture Controversy
Definition by Michael Griffith

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy, also referred to as the Investiture Contest or Investiture Dispute, was a conflict lasting from 1076 to 1122 between the papacy of the Catholic Church and the Salian Dynasty of German monarchs who ruled the Holy...
Edward I Documentary - Biography
Video by The People Profiles

Edward I Documentary - Biography

Edward Longshanks Documentary. Biographical Documentary on the life of Edward I King of England. A documentary on the life of Edward the Longshanks Hammer of the Scots from his childhood, to him helping his father Henry III to defeat Simon...
Omar Khayyam
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyam (also given as Umar Khayyam, l. 1048-1131 CE) was a Persian polymath, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher but is best known in the West as a poet, the author of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. His famous work has been embraced...
Total War History: Battle of Cannae (Part 3/5)
Video by THFE Productions

Total War History: Battle of Cannae (Part 3/5)

The sun rises, shining on the red flag of battle flying over the Roman camp... Tens of thousands of hooves and boots pound the war drums! Soldiers, now is your hour of valor! Documentary Sources: "The Ghosts of Cannae" by Robert L. O'Connell...
The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System

The BCE/CE dating system was first used in the 17th century and has been used since in scholarly publications read by people of all faiths and cultures in an effort to be inclusive. This system is also more accurate in that it makes no claim...
The Athenian Calendar
Article by Christopher Planeaux

The Athenian Calendar

The term “Athenian Calendar” (also called the “Attic Calendar”) has become somewhat of a misnomer, since Ancient Athenians never really used just one method to reckon the passage of time. Athenians, especially from the 3rd Century BCE forward...
Roman Portrait of Cleopatra
Image by Sergey Sosnovskiy

Roman Portrait of Cleopatra

This marble copy of a portrait dates to between 40-30 BCE and is believed to depict the Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII. The bust is in fairly good condition although the nose has broken off. A broken off piece of marble on the statue's...
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