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Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution

Children were widely used as labour in factories, mines, and agriculture during the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840). Very often working the same 12-hour shifts that adults did, children as young as five years old were paid a pittance...
Repartimiento
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Repartimiento

The repartimiento system was a distribution of rights to Spanish colonialists and municipalities, which allowed them to extract forced but low-paid labour from local communities in conquered territories. Designed to replace the inefficient...
Encomienda
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Encomienda

The encomienda was a system where Spanish adventurers and settlers were granted the legal right to extract forced labour from indigenous tribal chiefs in the Americas colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the Europeans were expected...
Manorialism
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Manorialism

Medieval European Manorialism (Manorial System) was the system where rural society was arranged around a manor house or castle on an estate. The smallest units of these estates were called manors. Free and unfree labourers here worked the...
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Britain
Article by Mark Cartwright

Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Britain

The Industrial Revolution saw a wave of technological and social changes in many countries of the world in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it began in Britain for a number of specific reasons. Britain had cheap energy with its abundant supply...
Serf
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Serf

Medieval serfs (aka villeins) were unfree labourers who worked the land of a landowner (or tenant) in return for physical and legal protection and the right to work a separate piece of land for their own basic needs. Serfs made up 75% of...
Horus
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Horus

Horus is the name of a sky god in ancient Egyptian mythology which designates primarily two deities: Horus the Elder (or Horus the Great), the last born of the first five original gods, and Horus the Younger, the son of Osiris and Isis...
Adam Smith
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Adam Smith

Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and leading Enlightenment figure. In The Wealth of Nations, he advocates free trade and limited interference in markets by governments, for which he is seen as the founder of liberal...
Child Working in a Factory
Image by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe

Child Working in a Factory

An early-20th-century photograph by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe of a child working in a factory alongside adults. Child labour was used extensively during the Industrial Revolution and after. (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)
Child Pulling Coal in a Mine
Image by Unknown Artist

Child Pulling Coal in a Mine

An illustration of a child pulling a tub of coal from the mine face to the surface. Child labour was common in mines in Britain and not restricted until the 1842 Mines Act.
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