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The Schweinfurt-Regensburg Raids
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Schweinfurt-Regensburg Raids

The Schweinfurt-Regensburg raids in Germany were a series of attacks by B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers of the United States Air Force in August and October 1943 during the Second World War (1939-45). Schweinfurt had several...
The Civilian View of D-Day
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Civilian View of D-Day

The Normandy landings in France, which began on D-Day, 6 June 1944, involved the largest troop movement in history, but in this article, we focus on the view from civilians directly involved in that momentous day when the Allies sought to...
Matilda of Tuscany
Definition by Michael Griffith

Matilda of Tuscany

Matilda of Canossa (c. 1046-1115), the Countess of Tuscany (r. 1055-1115) and Vice-Queen of Italy (r. 1111-1115), was the final head of the noble House of Canossa following the deaths of her father in 1052 and her elder brother in 1055. One...
Operation Gomorrah
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Operation Gomorrah

Operation Gomorrah (aka the Battle of Hamburg or Hamburg Air Offensive) was a sustained area bombing campaign of the German port of Hamburg in four night attacks by the Royal Air Force and two daytime attacks by the United States Air Force...
Frederick II
Definition by Syed Muhammad Khan

Frederick II

Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) was the king of Sicily (r. 1198-1250 CE), Germany (r. 1215-1250 CE), Jerusalem (r. 1225-1228 CE), and also reigned supreme as the Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220-1250 CE). He was born in Jesi in 1194 CE but spent...
The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942

Cologne (Köln) was the first German city to experience a "1,000-bomber raid" by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War (1939-45). The attack took place on the night of 30 May 1942 and was planned as a demonstration of the destruction...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
Map of the Limes in Hesse, Germany
Image by Carole Raddato

Map of the Limes in Hesse, Germany

Map showing the sights along the German Limes Road (German: Deutsche Limes-Straße) in the state of Hesse in Germany. The Upper German-Raetian Limes forms the frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube, and stretches...
Map of the Limes in Baden Württemberg, Germany
Image by Carole Raddato

Map of the Limes in Baden Württemberg, Germany

Map showing the sights along the German Limes Road (German: Deutsche Limes-Straße) in the state of Baden Württemberg in Germany. The Upper German-Raetian Limes forms the frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube...
Map of the Limes in Bavaria, Germany
Image by Carole Raddato

Map of the Limes in Bavaria, Germany

Map showing the sights along the German Limes Road (German: Deutsche Limes-Straße) in Bavaria in Germany. The Upper German-Raetian Limes forms the frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube, and stretches 550 kilometres...
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