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Heinkel He 111
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Heinkel He 111

The Heinkel He 111 was a medium two-engined bomber plane used by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) during the Second World War (1939-45). Heinkel He 111s contributed significantly to such campaigns as the Battle of France, the Battle of Britain...
War of the Sixth Coalition
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

War of the Sixth Coalition

The War of the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814), known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation, was the penultimate conflict of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). The Sixth Coalition, which included Russia, Austria, Prussia, the United Kingdom, Sweden...
Faras
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Faras

Faras was an important town near Abu Simbel in southern Egypt/northern Kush (modern-day Sudan). It was a center of trade and administrative offices which was founded between 2040-1750 BCE. In the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) a temple to Hathor...
Constitution of May 3
Image by Jan Matejko

Constitution of May 3

King of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Stanisław August enters St John's Cathedral of Warsaw, where Sejm members will swear to uphold the Constitution. Oil on canvas, 1891. Royal Castle, Warsaw.
Romuald Traugutt
Image by Unknown Photographer

Romuald Traugutt

Portrait of Romuald Traugutt, photograph, c. 1862. Romuald Traugutt (1826-1864) was the final military leader of the ill-fated January Uprising of 1863, an attempt to regain Polish independence from Tsarist Russia. Traugutt, from his clandestine...
Aleksander Wielopolski
Image by Karol Beyer

Aleksander Wielopolski

Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski, photograph by Karol Beyer, c. 1861-1863. Appointed by the Tsar to dampen brewing discontent and growing independence feeling in Warsaw, Wielopolski (1803-1877), a Polish aristocrat, devised a plan to conscript...
The Invasion of Poland in 1939
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Invasion of Poland in 1939

The leader of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) ordered the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Hitler's refusal to withdraw brought a declaration of war from Britain and France on 3 September, and so began the Second World War (1939-45...
Escaping Colditz
Article by Mark Cartwright

Escaping Colditz - WWII's Notorious Prison Camp

Colditz Castle in Saxony, Germany, sits high on a precipitous cliff face that towers above a tributary of the river Mulde. First built in the 11th century, the forbidding castle was variously used as a lunatic asylum, a sanatorium for the...
Interview: Metsamor Archaeological Site
Interview by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Metsamor Archaeological Site

Metsamor, which is located 32 km (20 mi) west of Yerevan, Armenia is one of the most interesting archaeological sites in the Caucasus. While first settled and founded as a Bronze Age city, people continuously inhabited Metsamor through Urartian...
Chronos and His Child
Image by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli

Chronos and His Child

Chronos and His Child, a depiction of the Titan Cronus as "Father Time," wielding a harvesting scythe, oil on canvas by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli, 17th century. National Museum, Warsaw.
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