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XYZ Affair
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

XYZ Affair

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that occurred in 1797-98, involving diplomats from the United States and Revolutionary France. Amidst rising tensions between the two nations, President John Adams sent envoys to Paris to negotiate...
Marie Durand
Definition by Stephen M Davis

Marie Durand

Marie Durand (c. 1715-1776) stands apart in French Protestant history for her courage in the struggle for freedom of conscience. She was imprisoned for 38 years in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes in the south of France, liberated...
Michel de L'Hospital
Definition by Stephen M Davis

Michel de L'Hospital

Michel de L'Hospital (also known as L'Hôpital, c. 1505-1573) was a French statesman who served during the reigns of four kings – Francis I, Henry II, Francis II, and Charles IX – as Councillor of Parlement (1537), Chancellor of the Duchesse...
Dunkirk Evacuation
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Dunkirk Evacuation

The Dunkirk Evacuation of 26 May to 4 June 1940, known as Operation Dynamo, was the attempt to save the British Expeditionary Force in France from total defeat by an advancing German army. Nearly 1,000 naval and civilian craft of all kinds...
Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette

The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), formerly the queen of France, was among the opening events of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Accused of a series of crimes that included conspiring with...
France, c. 1420 CE
Image by Aliesin

France, c. 1420 CE

Map of France during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE), around the time of the Treaty of Troyes (1420 CE).
Portrait of Anne of Austria, Queen of France
Image by Peter Paul Rubens

Portrait of Anne of Austria, Queen of France

Anne of Austria, Queen of France (1601-1666), oil on canvas portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, depicting Anne in ornate dressing and a lace collar, c. 1625. Palace of Versailles.
Map of France, 10th Century CE
Image by Bourrichon - Cyberprout

Map of France, 10th Century CE

A map of France in the 10th century CE.
Coat of Arms of the Kings of France
Image by Mark Cartwright

Coat of Arms of the Kings of France

The coat of arms of the French monarchy with three golden fleurs-de-lis. Basilica of Notre Dame, Cléry-Saint-André, France.
Church of Oradour-sur-Glane, France
Image by Lune de Film

Church of Oradour-sur-Glane, France

The church of Oradour-sur-Glane where 349 women, as well as all but one of the children present that day in the village, were cruelly murdered on 10 June 1944 by soldiers of the Waffen SS Das Reich division. The Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre...
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