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12 of History’s Most Devastating Civil Wars (before 1940) - Internal conflicts - shattered states & devastated societies
Civil wars have repeatedly emerged as some of the most destructive conflicts in human history because they combine military violence with political...
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Battle of White Mountain 1620
A 1620 painting of the Battle of White Mountain of 1620, the decisive Imperial victory by Count Tilly ending the Bohemian Revolt, the first phase of the Thirty Years' War. (Bavarian Army Museum, Munich)
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General Albrecht von Wallenstein
A 1629 portrait of the mercenary General Albrecht von Wallenstein, leader of the Imperial forces during the Thirty Years' War. (Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich)
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The Blessings of the Peace of Westphalia
A 1654 painting by Jacob Jordaens, 'The Blessings of the Peace of Westphalia'. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe. (National Museum of Art, Norway)
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Doolittle Raid - The First Audacious US Strike on Tokyo in WWII
The Doolittle Raid saw 16 US B-25 bombers hit Tokyo and other targets in Japan on 18 April 1942. This was the first time that Japan's home islands had been bombed since Japan's infamous attack...
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Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot was one of the original disciples of Jesus of Nazareth (d. c. 30 CE), one of the twelve apostles. For handing Jesus over to the authorities, as described in the gospels, he has become the epitome of the act of betrayal...
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J. R. Giddings' Account of the Dade Massacre of the Second Seminole War
The Dade Massacre (also given as the Dade Battle, 28 December 1835) was the opening engagement of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) between Euro-American forces and those of the Seminole...
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Denisovan
The Denisovans are an extinct group of fossil humans who, along with their sister group the Neanderthals, also share an ancestor with Homo sapiens. Thus far, they are known only from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia...
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Frederick the Great - Forging the Prussian State
Frederick II of Prussia (1712-1786), better known as Frederick the Great, was one of the most consequential rulers of 18th-century Europe. A scion of the House of Hohenzollern, he came to power in 1740...
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Edward III of England
Edward III of England reigned as king from 1327 to 1377. Succeeding his father Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327) following his enforced abdication and then murder, Edward III would take revenge on his father's enemies, who...