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The Imperium Romaniae, commonly known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), emerged from the upheaval of the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), when Western European forces captured and sacked Constantinople in 1204. This event brought an abrupt end...

An Ottoman sword of state, used during inauguration ceremonies for sultans. The sword was refitted in 1876 CE for the planned inauguration of the Ottoman sultan Murad V (r. 1876 CE). The sword is comprised of a 17th Century CE Iranian steel...

Law of Separation of Churches and the State, 1905. National Archives of France.

A detail of a plate commemorating the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy showing a priest swearing allegiance to the French state. The text translates as "I swear to maintain with all my power the Constitution". (Musée Carnavalet, Paris)

A photograph of Mongkut (also called Phrachomklao, posthumous name Rama IV) King of Siam (r. 1851 – 1868 CE). This photograph has been taken from a glass negative by John Thomson (1837 - 1921 CE) in 1866 CE and shows King Mongkut in state...

Prunksaal (State Hall) is the central structure of the old imperial library and part of the Hofburg palace in Vienna, Austria. It was build between 1721-1723. Located in the hall are marble statues of emperors and the statue of emperor Charles...

Medieval Azerbaijani helmet related to the period of Eldiguzids, State of Atabegs (12th century). National Museum of Art, Baku, Azerbaijan.

A photograph by Josef Löwy of the Vienna State Opera House, taken around 1898 when the composer Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was its director.

Caricature depicting the separation of the church and the state, published in Le Rire, 1905. National Library of France, Paris.

Portrait of James Monroe as Secretary of State in 1816, the year he was elected president of the US. Oil on canvas portrait by John Vanderlyn, 1816. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.