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Why Plague Doctors Wore Beaked Masks
Explore the history of the European plague doctor, and find out where their iconic outfit of a beaked mask and robe came from. The year is 1656. Your body is wracked by violent chills. Your head pounds and you're too weak to sit up. In...

Video
The Plague of Justinian
In 540 CE, Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I had great ambition of regaining Western Roman territories. His goal was to restore the Eastern Roman empire to what it was before the Roman empire dissolved. However, just a year later Emperor...

Video
Americapox: The Missing Plague
Why didn't the Europeans get sick when they made contact with the American Indians?

Definition
Ten Plagues of Egypt
The story of the ten plagues of Egypt is found in chapters 7-12 of the Book of Exodus. The story depicts the natural disasters sent by the God of Israel to convince Pharaoh to let the Hebrew slaves leave Egypt. The narrative purpose of the...

Definition
Lucius Verus
Lucius Verus was Roman emperor from 161 to 169 CE. Lucius Verus was Marcus Aurelius' adopted brother and co-emperor, a man whose time on the throne is overshadowed by the reign of the last of the Five Good Emperors. In the final years of...

Definition
Simon Forman
Simon Forman (1552-1611) was an Elizabethan physician, astrologer, magician, and alchemist who lived and worked in both London and Wiltshire, England. He was unusual in that despite receiving no formal training in medicine or astrology, and...

Definition
Nergal
Nergal (also known as Erra and Irra) is the Mesopotamian god of death, war, and destruction. He began as a regional, probably agricultural, god of the Babylonian city of Kutha in the Early Dynastic Period I (c. 2900-2800 BCE). As his temple...

Definition
King's Evil
The king’s evil (from the Latin morbus regius meaning royal sickness), more commonly known as scrofula or medically tuberculous lymphadenitis, was a skin disease believed to be cured by the touch of the monarch as part of their inherited...

Definition
Galen
Galen (129-216 CE) was a Greek physician, author, and philosopher, working in Rome, who influenced both medical theory and practice until the middle of the 17th century CE. Owning a large, personal library, he wrote hundreds of medical treatises...

Collection
Plagues in History
Plagues have swept through humanity ever since communities have gathered together in concentrated groups. In this collection of resources, we look at just some of the pandemics that raged throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, from the...