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Tairona Civilization
The Tairona civilization - one of the Chibcha family tribes - flourished in northern Colombia between 200 CE and 1600 CE. Like the Muisca of Cundinamarca, the Tairona were known for their expertise in crafting and metallurgy, especially goldsmithing...

Definition
Chavin Civilization
The Chavin civilization flourished between 900 and 200 BCE in the northern and central Andes and was one of the earliest pre-Inca cultures. The Chavin religious centre Chavin de Huantar became an important Andean pilgrimage site, and Chavin...

Definition
Urartu Civilization
Urartu, also known as the Kingdom of Urartu or the Kingdom of Van, was a civilization which developed in the Bronze and Iron Age of ancient Armenia, eastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran from the 9th century BCE. Controlling territories through...

Article
Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood
The names of John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are forever linked to the Maya and Mayan studies as the two great explorers who documented the ruins from Copan in the south to Chichen Itza in the north. The stories told by Stephens...

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Mesoamerican Dog Effigy
Red slip effigy of a dog. Made in Colima, Mexico, 100 BCE-300 CE.
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

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Mesoamerican Obsidian Mirror
A circular obsidian mirror from ancient Mesoamerica. Aztec, 1325-1521. Width: 10 inches /26 cm. (British Museum, London)

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Mesoamerican Obsidian Blade
An obsidian blade from Teotihuacan, Mexico. Length 10.5 inches (26.5 cm). (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

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Mesoamerican Red Dog Effigy
Earthenware effigy of a dog from Colima, Mexico, c. 100 BCE to 300 CE.
Walters Art Museum, Balitmore.

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Mesoamerican Silver Nose Ornament
A hammered silver nose ornament from Mesoamerica. Colima or Mixtec, 12-14th century. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Definition
Wanka Civilization
The Wanka (also Wanca or Huanca) people occupied the highlands of ancient central Peru around Lake Junin and the Manataro, Chanchamayo and Tarma rivers. The culture flourished from the Middle to Late Horizon periods (600 CE - 1532 CE). Dwelling...