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Roman Bridge, Pont-Saint-Martin
Image by Mark Cartwright

Roman Bridge, Pont-Saint-Martin

The Roman bridge of Pont-Saint-Martin in northern Italy, built between 142 and 22 BCE along the Gallic consular road. The bridge, at its highest point, is 46.25 m above the river Lys and the arch spans 31.55 m.
Barges on the Canal Saint-Martin by Sisley
Image by Oskar Reinhart Foundation

Barges on the Canal Saint-Martin by Sisley

An 1870 oil on canvas, Barges on the Canal Saint-Martin, by Alfred Sisley (1839-1899), the Franco-British impressionist painter. (Oskar Reinhart Foundation, Winterthur, Switzerland)
1521 Excommunication of Luther: Complete Text
Article by Joshua J. Mark

1521 Excommunication of Luther: Complete Text

In response to Martin Luther's 95 Theses, as well as his other works, Pope Leo X sent a papal bull threatening him with excommunication in June 1520. Luther publicly burned the bull at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 and was officially excommunicated...
Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) was one of the most significant cultural, political, and religious events in the history of Europe and helped shape the modern world. It was a complex event spanning over 100 years, which radically changed...
Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos
Image by Unknown

Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos

Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos. Illustration in Pioneer Heroes and Daring Deeds, published by Scammell and Company, 1882.
Protestant Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian...
Johann Eck
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Johann Eck

Johann Eck (l. 1486-1543) was a Catholic theologian and writer best known for his disputations with Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) beginning in 1517 and continuing until his death in 1543. Eck maintained the position that, if anyone could determine...
The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation

The printing press, credited to the German inventor and printer Johannes Gutenberg (l. c. 1398-1468) in the 1450s, became the single most important factor in the success of the Protestant Reformation by providing the means for widespread...
Exsurge Domine
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Exsurge Domine

Exsurge Domine (“Arise, O Lord” in Latin) is a papal bull issued 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X (served 1513-1521) condemning Martin Luther’s 95 Theses as heresy along with any other works by Luther or those who supported him. Luther burned the...
Diet of Worms
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms (January-May 1521) was the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) who openly criticized the Church. Luther was told to recant...
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