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George III of Great Britain (r. 1760-1820) was the third of the Hanoverian monarchs, and he remains the longest-reigning king in British history. His six decades on the throne saw the creation of the United Kingdom, the loss of the 13 American...

Caesarea Maritima was a city built over 2,000 years ago (c. 22-10 BCE) on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean. With Roman engineering and largesse, Herod the Great (r. 37-4 BCE) accomplished this feat by constructing a whole metropolis...

Tukulti-Ninurta I (reigned 1244-1208 BCE) was a king of the Assyrian Empire during the period known as the Middle Empire. He was the son of Shalmaneser I (reigned 1274-1245 BCE) who had completed the work of his father, Adad Nirari I, in...

According legend, Ephesus (also Ephesos) was founded by the tribe of the Amazons, great female warriors. The name of the city is thought to have been derived from "Apasas", the name of a city in the "Kingdom of Arzawa" meaning the "city of...

This hymn to the goddess Ishtar is written in Sumerian; after every line in Sumerian, the text is translated in Akkadian. Such translations have been invaluable to modern scholars. They reflect how the Sumerian language had become difficult...

The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1, by Gibbon, Edward, London, 1777. John Adams Library (Boston Public Library)

Kena Upanishad, verses 1.1–3, partially 4 (opens with salutations to Ganesha) The thick text is the Upanishad scripture, the small text in the margins and edges are an unknown scholar's notes and comments in the typical Hindu style of...

Ton Dionos tou Kassiou Romaikon historion biblia pente kai eikosi = Dionis Cassii Romanarum historiarum libri XXV Published: Excudebat Henricus Stephanus, 1592 CE John Adams Library at the Boston Public Library

The title page of an early edition of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), first published in 1776. (John Adams Library at the Boston Public Library)

A maintenance worker painting the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1945, photo by Alec Iverson. Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales and Courtesy ACP Magazines Ltd.