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A Linguistical Analysis of Ancient Celtic Languages
The Celtic languages form a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. They derive from Proto-Celtic and are divided into Continental Celtic languages (Lepontic, Gaulish, Galatian, Noric, Celtiberian, Gallaecian) and Insular Celtic...

Article
Hadrian's Travels
No other Roman emperor travelled as much as Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE). The 'restless' emperor spent more time travelling than in Rome, devoting half of his 21-year reign to the inspection of the provinces. His travels provided him with the...

Article
Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals
On 10 May 1796, in the later stages of the French Revolution (1789-1799), a group of leftwing agitators were arrested in Paris, charged with plotting to overthrow the French Directory. After a series of trials, two of them were guillotined...

Article
The Siege of Cusco in 1536-7
The two sieges of Cusco in 1536-7 were the last great military actions by the Incas as they tried to reclaim their empire from the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro (c. 1478-1541). The European cavalry proved all but invincible...

Article
Famous Grammarians & Poets of the Byzantine Empire
In the wake of the downfall of the Western Roman Empire and the intellectual collapse of Athens, Byzantine scholars engaged in preserving the Classical Greek language and its literature. Thus they became the guardians of a vanished culture...

Article
J. R. Giddings' Account of the Dade Massacre of the Second Seminole War
The Dade Massacre (also given as the Dade Battle, 28 December 1835) was the opening engagement of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) between Euro-American forces and those of the Seminole, Black Seminole, and runaway slaves who had found...

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The Abbey of Monte Casino
The abbey of Monte Casino, illustration by Francesco Cassiano De Silva from Giovanni Battista Pacichelli's Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva, Naples, 1703.

Video
The History of Europe: Every Year
This video shows the borders and populations of each country in Europe, for every year since 400 BC. Vassal states and colonies are not included in the count of a country's population. Sources : 1. Population : - Angus Maddison...

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Death of the Princess de Lamballe
Death of the Princess de Lamballe, oil on canvas by Léon-Maxime Faivre, 1908. The painting depicts the murder of the Princess de Lamballe in the September Massacres, during the French Revolution (1789-99). Lamballe, a wealthy, widowed noblewoman...

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Self-portrait by Monet
An 1917 oil on canvas self-portrait by Claude Monet (1840-1926), the French impressionist painter. The artist rarely created self-portraits, this one may have been inspired by his brother Leon's death that year. (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)