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Jacques Offenbach
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Jacques Offenbach

Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880) was a composer of German birth who took French citizenship and became famous in Paris for his comic operettas, a genre he created, and for the more serious opera, The Tales of Hoffmann. A virtuoso cellist, conductor...
Andreas Karlstadt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Andreas Karlstadt

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...
The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation

The printing press, credited to the German inventor and printer Johannes Gutenberg (l. c. 1398-1468) in the 1450s, became the single most important factor in the success of the Protestant Reformation by providing the means for widespread...
Discovery of X-Rays
Article by Kim Martins

Discovery of X-Rays

The discovery of X-rays – a form of invisible radiation that can pass through objects, including human tissue – revolutionised science and medicine in the late 19th century. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923), a German scientist, discovered...
1521 Excommunication of Luther: Complete Text
Article by Joshua J. Mark

1521 Excommunication of Luther: Complete Text

In response to Martin Luther's 95 Theses, as well as his other works, Pope Leo X sent a papal bull threatening him with excommunication in June 1520. Luther publicly burned the bull at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520 and was officially excommunicated...
Battle of Trenton
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Trenton

The Battle of Trenton (26 December 1776) was an important battle of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). On Christmas Day 1776, General George Washington led his Continental Army across the Delaware River to launch a surprise attack...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
J. Strauss II: The Blue Danube, Op. 314
Video by Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Topic

J. Strauss II: The Blue Danube, Op. 314

Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group J. Strauss II: An der schönen blauen Donau, Op. 314 · Berliner Philharmoniker · Herbert von Karajan · Johann Strauss II Strauss, J.: An der schönen blauen Donau (The Blue Danube) ℗ 1981...
Immanuel Kant, 1768
Image by Johann Gottlieb Becker

Immanuel Kant, 1768

An oil-on-canvas 1768 portrait of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) by Johann Gottlieb Becker. (Schiller-Nationalmuseum, Marbach am Neckar, Germany)
Slavery in Brazil
Image by Wilfredor

Slavery in Brazil

A painting of a slave market in Portuguese Brazil by Jean-Baptiste Debret from an original 19th-century engraving by Johann Moritz Rugendas.
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