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Ancient Japanese & Chinese Relations
Article by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Japanese & Chinese Relations

Relations between ancient Japan and China have a long history, and in certain periods the exchange of political, religious and cultural practices between the two was intense. China, the much older state and the more developed, passed on to...
Samurai Sword
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Samurai Sword

Swords used by Japanese samurai were renowned for the craftsmanship which produced strong yet flexible curved steel blades with a single, super-sharp cutting edge. Produced from the 8th century CE onwards and symbolic of the samurai's elevated...
Persian Poets and Literature
Collection by Joshua J. Mark

Persian Poets and Literature

Persian literature is usually dated to the Behistun Inscription of Darius I (the Great, r. 522-486 BCE) at c. 522 BCE. It is generally understood that a significant body of work was created by Persian writers between that time and c. 330...
The Value of Family in Ancient Greek Literature
Article by Eric D. Bernholc

The Value of Family in Ancient Greek Literature

When looking at Ancient Greek literature, one can see the importance family plays in Greek culture. We see this displayed in the Greek works Medea by Euripides and Antigone by Sophocles. Throughout these literary works we see that family...
Meiji Period
Definition by Graham Squires

Meiji Period

The Meiji period refers to the period in Japanese history from 1868 to 1912 during which the Meiji Emperor reigned. Following the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan's new leaders embarked on a program...
Treasure Hoards in Ancient Literature
Article by Frank Holt / Oxford University Press

Treasure Hoards in Ancient Literature

Aristophanes wrote in the 5th century BCE about coin hoards in Athens. He joked about the common saying, "No one knows but the birds where I hid my money," which led buffoons in his play to follow birds around with a shovel, hoping to excavate...
How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature

How we celebrate Christmas today is largely shaped by a small group of authors who recorded festive traditions in the 19th century. These authors include Washington Irving (1783-1859), Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863), and Charles Dickens...
Life in a Japanese Buddhist Monastery
Article by Mark Cartwright

Life in a Japanese Buddhist Monastery

Buddhist monasteries have been part of the Japanese cultural landscape ever since the 7th century CE, and they remained both powerful and socially important institutions right through the medieval period. Today, many of Japan's finest examples...
Kojiki
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kojiki - Japan's Oldest Book

The Kojiki ('Record of Ancient Things') is the oldest book of Japanese history and the oldest text of any kind from Japan. Compiled in 712 CE by the court scholar Ono Yasumaro, the work begins with the gods and the creation of the world...
Japanese Castles
Article by Graham Squires

Japanese Castles

Fortifications of one kind or another had been used in Japan since ancient times, but in the period from 1576 until 1639, a new and distinctive style of castle was constructed. Rather than being used for fighting, these were impressive structures...
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