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Kalhu / Nimrud
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Kalhu / Nimrud

Kalhu (also known as Caleh, Calah, and Nimrud, in modern-day northern Iraq) was a city in ancient Mesopotamia that became the capital of the Assyrian Empire under Ashurnasirpal II (r. 884-859 BCE) who moved the central government there from...
Shinto
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Shinto

Shinto means 'way of the gods' and it is the oldest religion in Japan. Shinto's key concepts include purity, harmony, family respect, and subordination of the individual before the group. The faith has no founder or prophets and there is...
Amaterasu
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Amaterasu - Shinto's Greatest Goddess

Amaterasu Omikami ('the Great Divinity Illuminating Heaven') is the sun goddess and most important deity of the Shinto religion. Amaterasu is the ruler of Takama no Hara (the High Celestial Plain), the domain of the kami or spirits. The most...
Portrait of DeWitt Clinton
Image by Rembrandt Peale

Portrait of DeWitt Clinton

DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828), US politician and naturalist, oil on canvas portrait by Rembrandt Peale, 1823. Clinton served in several political roles, including Mayor of New York City and Governor of New York. As the latter, he presided over...
12 Great Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

12 Great Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia - The Rise and Fall of the Earliest Cities in the World

The great cities of Mesopotamia ("the land between two rivers") developed prior to the late 4th millennium BCE along two rivers – the Tigris and Euphrates – and were fully established by the Early Dynastic period (circa 2900 to circa 2350/2334...
The Wyndclyffe Estate
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Wyndclyffe Estate

There are many fascinating and forlorn ruins throughout New York’s Hudson Valley, and, among them, the tottering remains of what was once considered the grandest home in the area and among the most famous in the country: Wyndclyffe. Between...
Battle of Camden
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Camden

The Battle of Camden (16 August 1780) was a major battle of the southern theater of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). It saw a British army under Lord Charles Cornwallis decisively defeat an American force under General Horatio...
The Banquet Stele of Ashurnasirpal II
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Banquet Stele of Ashurnasirpal II

When he came to the throne in 884 BCE, Ashurnasirpal II had to attend to revolts which broke out across the empire. He ruthlessly put down all rebellions, destroyed the rebel cities and, as a warning to others, impaled, burned, and flayed...
Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge - A Poem Celebrating a Divine Event

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor...
Shang Dynasty
Definition by Emily Mark

Shang Dynasty

The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) was the second dynasty of China, which succeeded the Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BCE) after the overthrow of the Xia tyrant Jie by the Shang leader, Tang. Since many historians question whether the Xia Dynasty...
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