English civil w: Did you mean...?

Sir Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (1612-1671), was the first and highly successful commander of the Parliamentarian New Model Army during the English Civil Wars (1642-1651). Fairfax's leadership, tactical prowess, and courage...

William Tyndale (l.c. 1494-1536) was a talented English linguist, scholar and priest who was the first to translate the Bible into English. Tyndale objected to the Catholic Church’s control of scripture in Latin and the prohibition against...

Aethelred II, also known as Aethelred the Unready, was king of the English from 978-1013 and 1014-1016. His long reign was initially stable, but Viking attacks on England escalated from the 990s onward. Viking incursions eventually grew so...

A map of the Battle of Gettysburg (1–3 July 1863), the largest and bloodiest engagement of the American Civil War (1861–1865), fought in Pennsylvania between General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and General George...

The Russian Civil War (1917–1922) was a multi-front conflict that followed the collapse of the Russian Empire and the Bolshevik seizure of power. After Lenin’s October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks withdrew from World War I with the...

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was an accomplished cavalry commander, then head of Parliament's New Model Army, and finally Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The latter title was awarded to Cromwell for life after the bloody...

A typical buff coat worn by cavalry in the English Civil Wars (1642-51). The thick leather was much lighter than armour but could protect against sword slashes. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

The Roman Civil War (49-45 BCE) was a decisive conflict that transformed the Roman Republic and accelerated the transition from republican government to autocratic rule. The war erupted after Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BCE in...

Edmund I ruled the Kingdom of the English from 939 to 946. In his youth, alongside his brother, King Aethelstan (reign 924-939), he defeated a Celtic-Viking alliance at the Battle of Brunanburh (937). Yet when Aethelstan died in 939 and Edmund...

Photographic print of Ludwig Kohn, an injured American Civil War soldier, by Reed B. Bontecou, 1865. Reed B. Bontecou (1824-1907) was an American surgeon who recorded the wounds of Civil War soldiers, often including his own illustrations...