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Ancient Roman Marketplace
An artist's impression of what life on an ancient Roman forum (marketplace) would look like. Image by Mateusz Przeklasa, reproduced with permission courtesy of Ancient History Magazine / Karwansaray Publishers.
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Ancient Roman Slave Market
Painting by Gustave Boulanger (c. 1882 CE) illustrating what an ancient Roman slave market auction may have looked like.
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Egyptian Cattle Herd
This painting shows Egyptian cattle being counted by scribes. The painting found part in the tomb of Nebamun (c. 1350 BCE), an wealthy Egyptian accountant ("scribe and counter of grain") during the New Kingdom period. The paintings are...
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Turin Papyrus Map
The Turin Papyrus Map is an ancient Egyptian map of gold mines in the Eastern Desert. It is considered to be one of the oldest surviving topographical maps. Made c. 1150 BCE by Scribe-of-the-Tomb Amennakhte, son of Ipuy. (Turin Museum)
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Achaemenid Persian Market Scene
Artist's impression of what a market scene may have looked like in the Achaemenid Persian empire. A ziggurat constructed prior to the Achaemenid period is visible in the background. Created by Amplitude Studios for the video game Humankind.
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Assignat, 1792
An example of the assignat banknote for 400 livres, issued in 1792 during the French Revolution. From the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Image by Godot13.
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Rome: Strategy of Empire with James Lacey
Join World History Encyclopedia as they sit down with author and historian James Lacey to chat all about Rome: Strategy of Empire, the first work to lay out Roman strategic thinking from its start under Augustus until its final demise in...
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Monetary Networks in Graeco-Roman Antiquity
Money Matters: The Development of Money through the Ancient World. A four-part series that traces the development of economic systems in the ancient world and explore how money as a financial instrument has evolved over the millennia...
Definition
Arthashastra
The Arthashastra is an Indian treatise on politics, economics, military strategy, the function of the state, and social organization attributed to the philosopher and Prime Minister Kautilya (also known as Chanakya, Vishnugupta, l. c. 350-275...
Definition
Egyptian Empire
The Egyptian Empire rose during the period of the New Kingdom (c. 1570- c. 1069 BCE), when the country reached its height of wealth, international prestige, and military might. The empire stretched from modern-day Syria in the north to modern-day...