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Legio XXI Rapax
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Legio XXI Rapax

Legio XXI Rapax was a legion of the Roman army whose name name "Rapax" means "rapacious" or "greedy". It is not clear when the legion assumed this name; it may or may not be the same 21st legion Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) formed before his...
Roman Citizenship
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Citizenship

Citizenship is and always has been a valued possession of any individual. When one studies the majority of ancient empires one finds that the concept of citizenship, in any form, was non-existent. The people in these societies did not and...
Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome
Article by Mark Cartwright

Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome

The Temple of Mars Ultor stands in the Forum of Augustus in Rome and was built to commemorate Augustus' victory in 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi over the assassins of Julius Caesar. The building became the place where important military...
Herod's Harbor
Article by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Herod's Harbor

Herod's Harbor was a giant port built between 22 and 15 BCE by Herod the Great (r. 37-4 BCE), Rome's client king. Situated on the lower eastern Mediterranean coast north of Alexandria and south of Tyre, with Rome's largess and building skills...
Rome's Defeat at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Article by James Lacey / Oxford University Press

Rome's Defeat at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest

At the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, a rag-tag barbarian force annihilated three Roman legions, leaving the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BCE to 14 CE) to nightly wander his palace, shouting for the defeated commander, Publius Quinctilius...
Temple of Castor & Pollux
Article by Mark Cartwright

Temple of Castor & Pollux

The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum of Rome was erected in the final decade of the 1st century BCE, replacing the earlier temple to the twin sons of Jupiter which had stood on the site since 484 BCE. Today only the inner concrete...
Legions of the Rhine Frontier
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of the Rhine Frontier

After Julius Caesar’s (100-44 BCE) conquest of Gaul, Roman legions pushed the borders of the Roman Empire’s frontier to the banks of the Rhine River. Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) divided the newly acquired region into three provinces: Gallia...
Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia

As the Roman Empire expanded further eastward, annexing territories that were once the domain of the Parthians, the legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, and Arabia were called upon to safeguard these newly acquired territories. Mesopotamia...
Legions of Noricum, Raetia & Dacia
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of Noricum, Raetia & Dacia

The provinces Noricum, Raetia, and Dacia served as a buffer protecting Roman Empire against any possible outside threat. However, the region posed several internal problems for Rome: Pannonia and its ally Dalmatia rebelled against Roman occupancy...
Two Phalerae with Portraits of Princes of the Imperial Family
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Two Phalerae with Portraits of Princes of the Imperial Family

These two glass medallions (phalerae) depict portraits of two princes of the Roman imperial family. Roman period, c. 20-40 CE. 1. Left: the younger Drusus, son of Emperor Tiberius (r. 14-37 CE). The medallion is set in its original mount...
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