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Murashu Tablets
Image by Penn Museum

Murashu Tablets

Tablet B5304, Murashu Archive. Contract for the supply of dates, written in Akkadian with a summary in Aramaic.
Proto-Elamite Tablets
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Proto-Elamite Tablets

The so-called proto-Elamite script is still undeciphered. The influence of contemporary Mesopotamian writing and sealing is clear, however. From Susa, Iran. Circa 3000-2800 BCE. Lent by the Musee de Louvre. It is currently housed in the British...
Phoenician Government
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phoenician Government

The governments of such Phoenician cities as Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos were led by hereditary monarchs throughout their history. Those individual cities typically acted autonomously from each other and only rarely did they form mutual alliances...
Scribes in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Scribes in Ancient Mesopotamia - The Beginning of History

Scribes in ancient Mesopotamia were highly educated individuals trained in writing and reading on diverse subjects. Initially, their purpose was to record financial transactions through trade, but in time, they were integral to every aspect...
Amarna Letters
Definition by Priscila Scoville

Amarna Letters

The Amarna Letters are a body of 14th-century BCE correspondence exchanged between the rulers of the Ancient Near East and Egypt. They are perhaps the earliest examples of international diplomacy while their most common subjects are negotiations...
Phoenician Religion
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Phoenician Religion

The Phoenician Religion, as in many other ancient cultures, was an inseparable part of everyday life. Gods such as Baal, Astarte, and Melqart had temples built in their name, offerings and sacrifices were regularly made to them, royalty performed...
The Mesopotamian Pantheon
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Mesopotamian Pantheon - The Ancient Gods and Goddesses of the Near East

The gods of the Mesopotamian region were not uniform in name, power, provenance or status in the hierarchy. Mesopotamian culture varied from region to region and, because of this, Marduk should not be regarded as King of the Gods in the same...
Ashurbanipal's Collection of Sumerian and Babylonian Proverbs
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ashurbanipal's Collection of Sumerian and Babylonian Proverbs

Ashurbanipal's collection of Sumerian and Babylonian proverbs formed part of the famous Library of Ashurbanipal (7th century BCE) established at Nineveh for the express purpose of preserving the knowledge of the past for future generations...
A Supervisor's Advice to a Young Scribe
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Supervisor's Advice to a Young Scribe

A Supervisor's Advice to a Young Scribe is a Sumerian composition relating a dialogue between an elder scribe and a young graduate from his school. The piece is dated to the Old Babylonian Period (c. 2000-1600 BCE) and, although originally...
Cuneiform
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cuneiform - The Writing System That Made History

Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia circa 3600/3500 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the...
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