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Mesopotamian Warfare
Definition

Mesopotamian Warfare - Early Development of Armed Conflict

Ancient Mesopotamian warfare progressed from companies of a city's militia in Sumer to the professional standing armies of Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia, and from conflicts over land or water rights to wars of conquest and political...
Assyrian Soldiers Engaging with Nubian Soldiers at Memphis
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Assyrian Soldiers Engaging with Nubian Soldiers at Memphis

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel showing the Assyrian army attacking the Egyptian city of Memphis and commemorating the final victory of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal II over the Egyptian king Taharqa in 667 BCE. Panel 17, Room M of the...
Henry II of England
Definition

Henry II of England

Henry II of England ruled from 1154 to 1189 CE. He gained the throne by negotiation with his predecessor King Stephen of England (r. 1135-1154 CE) following the civil war that had raged between that monarch and Henry's mother Empress Matilda...
Winning Against the Odds: Sargon II & the Urartu Campaign
Article

Winning Against the Odds: Sargon II & the Urartu Campaign

It is often when one is faced with the most difficult circumstances that one is given the greatest opportunity for clarity. History provides ample evidence of this experience in showing how, when faced with seemingly impossible situations...
Charles I of England
Definition

Charles I of England

Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) was a Stuart king who, like his father James I of England (r. 1603-1625), viewed himself as a monarch with absolute power and a divine right to rule. His lack of compromise with Parliament led to the English...
Assyrian Archers Attacking an Egyptian Fortress at Memphis
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Assyrian Archers Attacking an Egyptian Fortress at Memphis

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel showing the Assyrian army attacking the Egyptian city of Memphis and commemorating the final victory of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal II over the Egyptian king Taharqa in 667 BCE. Panel 17, Room M of the...
Ninurta
Definition

Ninurta - The Sumerian Hero-God of War

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers
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Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel, depicting the Assyrian attack on a fortress at the Egyptian city of Memphis in 667 BCE, Panel 17, Room M of the North Palace at Nineveh, Northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, Neo-Assyrian Empire, 645-635...
Assyrian Archers from Khorsabad
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Assyrian Archers from Khorsabad

Assyrian relief depicting a group of Assyrian archers attacking an enemy (not shown here), from the Royal Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, in modern-day Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, c. 710 BCE. A soldier holding a large and long shield stands...
Assyrian Army Assault on Lachish
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Assyrian Army Assault on Lachish

Assyrian relief, from the South-West palace at Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Mousil city, Iraq), room XXXVI, panel 7, Neo-Assyrian Empire, 700-692 BCE. This wall relief delivers a very vivid description of the battlefield. The Assyrian army...
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