Varna: Did you mean...?

Ancient India in the Vedic Period (c. 1500-1000 BCE) did not have social stratification based on socio-economic indicators; rather, citizens were classified according to their Varna or castes...

This infographic illustrates the Varna caste system in ancient India. First mentioned in the Rig Veda's Purusha Sukta c. 1200–1000 BCE, it shows society divided into four groups that emerged from the...

Roman Collection at the Archaeological Museum of Varna, photograph by Carole Raddato, Bulgaria, 15 August, 2024. The Roman collection at the Archaeological Museum of Varna, Bulgaria, includes sculpture...

The Roman Baths of Odessos (modern-day Varna, Bulgaria) were built around the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century CE under Roman emperor Septimius Severus. They cover over 7000 square meters and were the fourth-largest...

The frigidarium (cold room) of the Roman Baths of Odessos (modern-day Varna, Bulgaria). The baths were built around the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century CE under Roman emperor Septimius Severus...

The Arthashastra is an Indian treatise on politics, economics, military strategy, the function of the state, and social organization attributed to the philosopher and Prime Minister Kautilya (also known as Chanakya, Vishnugupta...

Brahmanism (also known as Vedic Religion) is the belief system that developed from the Vedas during the Late Vedic Period (c. 1100-500 BCE) originating in the Indus Valley Civilization after the Indo-Aryan Migration c. 2000-1500 BCE...

The Bhagavad Gita (“Song of God” or “Song of the Lord”) is among the most important religious texts of Hinduism and easily the best known. It has been quoted by writers, poets, scientists, theologians, and philosophers – among others...

Roman Bulgaria occupied an important position in the heart of the Balkans, between the Black Sea, the Aegean, and Asia Minor. In the north, the Danube River formed a heavily defended military frontier, lined with auxiliary...

Depicted here is the Death of King Władysław Jagiellończyk (r. 1424-1444 CE) at the Battle of Varna. This was a decisive moment in the Crusade of Varna, as the Turks under Sultan Murad II (r. 1421-1444 CE and...