Tsarist Russia: Did you mean...?

The New Economic Policy (NEP) of Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), leader of Soviet Russia, was the introduction in 1921 of a limited form of capitalism in light industry and agriculture. Contrary to Marxist economic ideas, the NEP was viewed as...

Portrait of Peter I of Russia, oil on canvas by Maria Giovanna Clementi (1690-1761).

The ivory throne of Tsar Ivan IV The Terrible of Russia (r. 1547-1584). Kremlin Museums, Moscow.

Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow (r. 1462-1505), picture from The Tsar's Titular, 1672. Scanned from Russian book RUSSIA: Complete Encyclopedic Illustrated Reference Book, OLMA-PRESS, 2002.

Ivan III of Russia (Ivan the Great, r. 1462-1505), engraving published in H.F. Helmolt (ed.): History of the World. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1902. University of Texas Portrait Gallery.

The reign of Ivan IV (Grozny, "the Terrible") of Russia (reign 1547–1584) marked a definitive transformation in the political structure of the realm of Moscow. Crowned as the first “Tsar of all Russia” in 1547, drawing on the imperial legacy...

A 1780s oil-on-canvas portrait by Alexander Roslin of Empress Catherine II of Russia (1729-96). Catherine was formally crowned empress regent on 22 September 1762 and this portrait endorses her royal status, perhaps a welcome endorsement...

Emperor Alexander I of Russia (r. 1801-1825), oil on canvas portrait by George Dawe, c. 1818-1825. British Royal Collection.

Batu Khan (l. 1205-1255 CE) was a grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Golden Horde. Batu was a skilled Mongol military commander and won battles from China to Persia, although his most famous exploits involve the grand Mongol...

A 1922 painting by Ivan Vladimirov (1870-1947) showing the government requsitioning of grain during the Russian Civil War. This policy and the consequent peasant unrest was one of the reasons the Soviet government adopted Lenin's New Economic...