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Berenice II Euergetis
Definition by Branko van Oppen

Berenice II Euergetis

Berenice II Euergetis (c. 267-221 BCE) was a pre-eminent Hellenistic queen, who ruled together with her husband Ptolemy III (r. 246-221 BCE), when the Ptolemaic kingdom was at the height of its power, dominating most of the eastern Mediterranean...
Shrine of Ptolemy VIII & Cleopatra II
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Shrine of Ptolemy VIII & Cleopatra II

Shrine of Ptolemy VIII & Cleopatra II, originally from the Temple of Isis, Philae, found reused in a Coptic church, Ptolemaic Dynasty, reign of Ptolemy VIII, c. 170-116 BCE. The shrine held a cult statue of the goddess Isis, who is mentioned...
Bronze Bust of Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Image by Marie-Lan Nguyen

Bronze Bust of Ptolemy II Philadelphus

This bronze bust is usually attributed to the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 283-246 BCE) although alternative identifications of the bust have been made. It was discovered in the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum in 1754 CE and...
Detail of Stela of Ptolemy IX & Cleopatra III
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Detail of Stela of Ptolemy IX & Cleopatra III

Greek texts were incised on this granite stela. It documents a royal visit to Elephantine. Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra III, his mother and co-regent, granted privileges to the priests of Khnum, a local ram god. There are hieroglyphic inscriptions...
Silver Tetradrachm Coin of Ptolemy III Euergetes II
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Silver Tetradrachm Coin of Ptolemy III Euergetes II

Both coins were minted in Alexandria, modern-day Egypt. The left coin was minted in 137-136 BCE while the right one in 133-132 BCE. In ancient Egypt, many transactions were made in metal, measured using certain weights. Once coinage was introduced...
The Ptolemaic Dynasty of Ancient Egypt: From Ptolemy I to Cleopatra VII
Video by Kelly Macquire

The Ptolemaic Dynasty of Ancient Egypt: From Ptolemy I to Cleopatra VII

The Ptolemaic dynasty in Ancient Egypt began under the rule of Ptolemy I Soter, whose goal was to make Egypt great again and he did that by putting the country back on solid economic and administrative footing, and it ended with Cleopatra...
Claudius Ptolemy Portrait
Image by Berruguete / van Gent

Claudius Ptolemy Portrait

A 15th-century portrait of the astronomer and geographer Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 - c. 170 CE) attributed to Justus van Gent or Pedro Berruguete. (Louvre Museum, Paris)
Statue of Ptolemy XII
Image by Dennis Jarvis

Statue of Ptolemy XII

Limestone statue of Ptolemy XII (r. 80-51 BCE), c. 55 BCE. Greco-Roman Museum, Alexandria.
Bust of Ptolemy I
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Bust of Ptolemy I

This is a fragment of a basalt statue of Ptolemy I (general of Alexander the Great), who founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt. He wears the Egyptian royal headdress and the protective serpent. It is said that it was found in the lining...
Wars of the Diadochi
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Wars of the Diadochi

On June 10, 323 BCE Alexander the Great died in Babylon. Although historians have debated the exact cause most agree that the empire he built was left without adequate leadership for there was no clear successor or heir. The military commanders...
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