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Elizabeth I of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 1558 to 1603. Her 44-year reign was so long and packed with momentous events that the second half of the 16th century is now known as the Elizabethan era and still regarded as a 'Golden Age' for...
Spanish Main
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Spanish Main

The Spanish Main refers, in its widest sense, to the Spanish Empire in the Americas from Florida in the north to the northern coast of Brazil in the south, including the Caribbean. The term was initially more limited and referred only to...
Portrait of Isabel de Valois, Queen of Spain
Image by Sofonisba Anguissola

Portrait of Isabel de Valois, Queen of Spain

Portrait of Queen Isabel de Valois of Spain, painting by Sofonisba Anguissola, Italy, c. 1561 - 1565. Isabel de Valois was the third wife of King Phillip II of Spain and was taught painting by Sofonisba Anguissola. Museo del Prado, Madrid...
Reformation in the Netherlands & the Eighty Years' War
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Reformation in the Netherlands & the Eighty Years' War

The Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands was among the most violent and destructive of any region during the first 50 years of the movement, ultimately informing the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), but causing massive destruction and...
Cynane
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cynane

Cynane (l. c. 357- 323 BCE, pronounced `Keenahnay') was the daughter of the Illyrian Princess Audata and King Philip II of Macedon, making her the half-sister of Alexander the Great (l.356-323 BCE). Following the Illyrian tradition of women...
Sofonisba Anguissola
Definition by Howard Burton

Sofonisba Anguissola - The Founder of Feminist Art

Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532-1625) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Cremona who achieved considerable fame during her lifetime as the first widely-known female artist. She was invited by the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain (reign...
Portrait of Philip II
Image by Sofonisba Anguissola

Portrait of Philip II

Portrait of Phillip II of Spain, painting by Sofonisba Anguissola, Spain, 1565. Sofonisba served as Queen Isabel de Valois' lady-in-waiting and her painting teacher. This portrait of Phillip II showcases him in his usual attire of black...
King Philip (Metacom)
Image by Paul Revere

King Philip (Metacom)

Philip, King of Mount Hope, line engraving depicting Metacom (also known as King Philip, l. 1638-1676), colored by hand, by the American engraver and silversmith Paul Revere, illustration from page 88 of The Entertaining History of King Philip's...
Amphictyonic League
Definition by Nathalie Choubineh

Amphictyonic League

The Amphictyonic League was an early form of religious council in ancient Greece. It was typically composed of delegates from several tribes or ethnes living in the vicinity of a major, prosperous sanctuary, who then collaborated in supervising...
Colossal Statues of Philip II and Alexander III in Skopje
Image by Nathalie Choubineh

Colossal Statues of Philip II and Alexander III in Skopje

Colossal statues of Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) and Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) in Skopje. The Skopje 2014 (2010-2014) was a project involving the construction of 136 monumental buildings, bridges, statues, and fountains...
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