Philip II of Spain: Did you mean...?

A medal portraying a German philosopher Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Copper alloy with warm brown patina, created by Friedrich Hagenauer around 1543. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) and Queen Joan kneeling before King Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE).

This Visigothic votive crown is from 7th-century Spain, and it was made from gold, elements of nacre, amethysts, sapphires, emeralds, and glass beads. It was discovered in 1860 in the "Treasure of Guarrazar" near Toledo, Spain. (Musée de...

A view of the medieval town of Tordesillas in northwest Spain. The town gave its name to the famous 1494 treaty of Tordesillas, signed between Spain and Portugal, which divided the world into two spheres of influence.

The Roman theatre of Acinipo in southern Spain (Roman province of Hispania Baetica), built in the middle of the 1st century BCE. It is one of the most ancient Roman theatres in Spain.

The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal made in 1803, in which the United States purchased 828,000 square miles (2,144,510 km²) of land west of the Mississippi River from France for $15 million, or an average of three cents per acre. The purchase...

The Battle of the Metaurus (207 BCE) was a military engagement fought between the forces of Rome under Gaius Claudius Nero (c. 237 - c. 199 BCE), Marcus Livius Salinator (254-204 BCE), and L. Porcius Licinius and the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal...

No military commander in history has ever won a battle by himself. To be successful he needs the support of a well-trained army who will follow him regardless of the cost whether it be a stunning victory or hopeless defeat. One need only...

A statue of Abd al-Rahman I (731 – 788 CE) in Almuñécar, Spain. He was the founder of the Emirate (and later Caliphate) of Cordoba which rivaled the Abbasids.

The Roman theatre of Augusta Emerita is the most important Roman monument in Mérida (Spain) and the best example of its kind to be found in western Europe. Its construction began c. 15 BCE and an inscription indicates that Roman consul Marcus...