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Operation Torch
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Operation Torch

Operation Torch (aka the North Africa landings) landed Allied troops in French Morocco and Algeria on 8 November 1942 with the aim of removing German and Italian forces from North Africa. The first jointly-planned Allied operation of the...
Berlin Conference 1884-5
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Berlin Conference 1884-5 - Establishing the Rules of the Scramble for Africa

The Berlin Conference, also known as the Berlin West Africa Conference, was held between November 1884 and February 1885. Imperial powers, notably Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany, met to thrash out their competing claims for control...
The Gold Trade of Ancient & Medieval West Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Gold Trade of Ancient & Medieval West Africa

West Africa was one of the world's greatest producers of gold in the Middle Ages. Trade in the metal went back to antiquity but when the camel caravans of the Sahara linked North Africa to the savannah interior, the trade really took off...
The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa

Following the conquest of North Africa by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE, Islam spread throughout West Africa via merchants, traders, scholars, and missionaries, that is largely through peaceful means whereby African rulers either tolerated...
The Roman Empire in West Africa
Article by Arienne King

The Roman Empire in West Africa

At its fullest extent, the Roman Empire stretched from around modern-day Aswan, Egypt at its southernmost point to Great Britain in the north but the influence of the Roman Empire went far beyond even the borders of its provinces as a result...
How Diamonds Transformed Southern Africa
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Diamonds Transformed Southern Africa - Kimberley's Blood, Sweat & Segregation

The discovery of diamonds in 1867 in Griqualand ultimately transformed the entire region of Southern Africa. Huge European financial investment and significant immigration followed. The diamonds led to Britain taking over Griqualand and the...
Roman Expeditions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Roman Expeditions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa was explored by Roman expeditions between 19 BCE - 90 CE, most likely in an effort to locate the sources of valuable trade goods and establish routes to bring them to the seaports on the coast of North Africa, thereby minimizing...
Map of WWII North Africa Campaign, 1940-1943
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of WWII North Africa Campaign, 1940-1943

The North Africa Campaign (1940–1943) formed a decisive theater of the World War II (1939–1945), centered on control of the strategic corridor linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern oil fields. The conflict...
Torch - The North Africa Landings
Image by F.A.Hudson - Imperial War Museums

Torch - The North Africa Landings

A photograph showing Allied troops landing in Algeria, North Africa as part of Operation Torch, the Allied North Africa Landings of November 1942. (Imperial War Museums)
Map of Roman North Africa - Provinces, Roads & Frontiers
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of Roman North Africa - Provinces, Roads & Frontiers - Expansion, administration & economic foundations 146 BCE–395

Roman involvement in North Africa began with the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War (149-146 BCE), after which Rome established the province of Africa and gradually expanded its authority across the Maghreb. Over the following...
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