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The Integration of Church and State in the Roman Empire
In the ancient world, "religion" and society were not separate entities. Various gods dictated covenants, "law-codes," and social conventions. Such law-codes were most often the responsibility of...
Definition
Operation Barbarossa - Hitler's Invasion of the USSR
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), leader of Nazi Germany, attacked the USSR on 22 June 1941 with the largest army ever assembled. The Axis offensive of June-December 1941 was code-named Operation Barbarossa...
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Civilians Digging Defences, Moscow, 1941
Civilian men and women digging defensive anti-tank ditches in Moscow. The Soviet capital was threatened during Operation Barbarossa, the attack by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) on the USSR from June to December...
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Barricaded Streets, Moscow, 1941
A photograph showing barricaded streets in the Soviet capital during the Battle of Moscow in October 1941 during the Second World War (1939-45). (RIA Novosti Archive)
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Qarawiyyin University
Inner courtyards of Qarawiyyin University in Fez, Morocco, the oldest continuous university in the world founded in 857-859 by a Muslim woman scholar named Fatima al-Fihri (born c. 800)
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Princeton University
A gouache on paper painting titled Princeton University by Nicha Sursock. This is part of a series of 43 works representing the history of the USA. Founded in 1746, Princeton University has shaped leaders across science...
Definition
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
Napoleon's invasion of Russia, also known as the Second Polish War or, in Russia, as the Patriotic War of 1812, was a campaign undertaken by French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and his 615,000-man Grande...
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Demolition of the Monument to Alexander III in Moscow
Photograph of the demolition of the monument to Alexander III in Moscow, July 1918. As Tsarist Russia fell in 1917, so did the monuments of its monarchs. The colossal bronze statue to Alexander III...
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Axis Advance on Moscow, 1941
A photograph showing the advance of Axis troops on the Soviet capital during the Battle of Moscow in October 1941. (Polish National Digitial Archives)
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Moscow Air Defences, 1941
An August 1941 photograph showing air defences in the Soviet capital during the Battle of Moscow (Oct 41 - Jan 42) during the Second World War (1939-45). (RIA Novosti Archive)