Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: Did you mean...?

Satan, or the Devil, is one of the best-known characters in the Western traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Surprisingly, this entity was a late-comer in the ancient world. Satan, as a totally evil being, is nowhere to be found...

Jerusalem, a holy city for the adherents of all three great monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) was conquered by the armies of the First Crusade in 1099 CE. The Muslims failed to halt their advance, as they were themselves...

The Ukrainian Question in the International Arena (1918–1939) After the defeat of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the lands inhabited by Ukrainians were once again divided—this time between the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia...

The Battle of Białystok-Minsk in Jun-Jul 1941, which involved the encirclement of entire Soviet armies positioned near each city in Poland and Belarus, respectively, was one of the first victories by Nazi Germany and its Axis allies against...

The Battle of Kiev (Kyiv) in July-September 1941 was a major Axis victory in Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler's attack on the USSR during the Second World War (1939-45). Hitler wanted the resources of Ukraine since these would allow the...

The Nuremberg trials (1945-6), held in Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, were a series of trials involving the senior surviving Nazis to hold them accountable for waging war and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Second...

In the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–1945), Europe emerged physically devastated and politically polarized. As Allied cooperation gave way to rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (rule 1924–1953...

A photograph of Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929), Austen Chamberlain (1863-1937), and Aristide Briand (1862-1932), leaders of the German, British, and French delegations at the Locarno Confrence of 1925 which decided the terms of the Locarno...

A photograph of the room in the Palazzo del Pretorio where the discussions which led to the Locarno Pact of 1925 were held. Locarno, Switzerland. (Imperial War Museums)

A 1912 photograph of Frank B. Kellogg (1856-1937), the United States’ secretary of state and the millionaire owner of the Kellogg brand. Kellogg was the chief negotiator of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, an international attempt to ensure...