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Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction refers to the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799) between the fall of Maximilien Robespierre on 27-28 July 1794 and the establishment of the French Directory on 2 November 1795. The Thermidorians abandoned...

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Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
Louise-Antoine, Compte de Bougainville (1729-1811) was a French explorer and former army colonel, who was also a brilliant mathematician. He was a contemporary of Captain James Cook (1728-1779) and a protegée of Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764...

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Diderot by Louis-Michel van Loo
A 1767 oil on canvas portrait by Louis-Michel van Loo of the French author and philosopher Diderot (1713-1784). (Louvre Museum, Paris)

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Death of Louis IX at Tunis, 1270 CE
A 15th century CE painting depicting the death of French king Louis IX in 1270 CE during the Eighth Crusade at Tunis.

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Portrait of Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just (1767-1794), a leader of the Jacobin Club and of the Mountain political faction, oil on canvas portrait by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1793. Only 25 when he was elected to the National Convention, Saint-Just soon became...

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Louis IX Captured During the Seventh Crusade
A 19th century CE illustration by Gustav Doré showing the French king Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 CE) and his capture by the army of the Ayyubid Empire during the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE).

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Microscope of Louis Pasteur
The compound monocular microscope of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Made by Nachet et fils, 1861-70. (Science Museum, London)

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Portrait of Louis René Édouard, Cardinal de Rohan
Portrait depicting Louis René Édouard, cardinal de Rohan (1734-1803). A former ambassador, Cardinal de Rohan was despised by Queen Marie Antoinette of France and became embroiled in the affair of the diamond necklace in an attempt to win...

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Louis XVI Declares War, 1792
King Louis XVI of France declares war on Francis II, king of Hungary and Bohemia, in the Legislative Assembly, beginning the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797), 20 April 1792. Engraving by Johann Carl Bock, c. 1792. National Library...

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Louis IX Departing for the Seventh Crusade
A 14th century CE illustration of Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270 CE) departing Aigues Mortes for Egypt on the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE).