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Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - The Era of the Hyksos

The Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782 to circa 1570 BCE) is the era following the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) and preceding the New Kingdom (circa 1570-1069 BCE). As with all historical designations of the eras of Egyptian...
Map of the Shang Dynasty of China, c. 1100 BCE
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Shang Dynasty of China, c. 1100 BCE - Bronze, Kingship, and Networks in the Yellow River World

The Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) represents one of the earliest historically attested states in China, emerging in the Yellow River basin after the period traditionally associated with the Xia. Rather than a territorially unified state...
Religion in Ancient China
Article by Emily Mark

Religion in Ancient China

Religious practices in ancient China go back over 7,000 years. Long before the philosophical and spiritual teachings of Confucius and Lao-Tzu developed or before the teachings of the Buddha came to China, the people worshipped personifications...
Sima Qian
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sima Qian

Sima Qian (l. 145/135-86 BCE) was a court scribe, astrologer, and historian of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) of ancient China, famous for his historical work Records of the Grand Historian for which he is remembered as the Father of...
Map of the Tang Dynasty of China, c. 669 CE
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Tang Dynasty of China, c. 669 CE

The Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) represents one of the high points of imperial Chinese history, reaching its widest territorial extent during the reign of Emperor Gaozong (reign 649–683 CE). By the late 7th century, around 669 CE, the empire...
The Julio-Claudian Dynasty, The Rise of Imperial Rome
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Julio-Claudian Dynasty, The Rise of Imperial Rome - From Augustus to Nero - Rome's First Imperial Family

The Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BCE–68 CE) oversaw the establishment and consolidation of the Roman Empire following the political crises and civil wars that ended the Republic. Founded by Augustus (reign 27 BCE–14 CE), the dynasty created...
Map of the Ming Dynasty of China, 1368-1644
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Ming Dynasty of China, 1368-1644

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) marked the restoration of native Han Chinese rule after the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Founded by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang, reign 1368-1398), the Ming state reasserted centralized...
Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)

On 20 April 1792, King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) stood before the Legislative Assembly and, with a faltering voice, read a declaration of war against Austria, to the ecstatic delight of the gathered deputies. This declaration sealed...
New Kingdom of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

New Kingdom of Egypt - The Age of Empire

The New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third...
Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)
Image by Simeon Netchev

Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)

The Ptolemaic Dynasty (305–30 BCE) ruled Egypt during the Hellenistic age, emerging from the fragmentation of Alexander the Great’s empire after his death in 323 BCE. Founded by Ptolemy I Soter (reign 305–282 BCE), one of Alexander’s generals...
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