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Senusret III (circa 1878-1839 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III) was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). His reign is often considered the height of the Middle Kingdom which was the...

The Estado da India (1505-1961) was the name the Portuguese gave to that part of their empire which stretched from India to East Asia. However, in its widest sense, the name includes all Portuguese colonies east of the Cape of Good Hope and...

Wahunsenacah, also known as Chief Powhatan (l. c. 1547 - c. 1618) was the head of the Powhatan Confederacy of Native Americans who inhabited the region of the modern-day State of Virginia, USA, which they knew by the name of Tsenacommacah...

Richard, 3rd Duke of York (l. 1411-1460 CE) was the richest man in England and one of the nobles who sparked off the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE), a dynastic dispute that rumbled on for four decades between several English kings, queens...

A 1908 photograph of the nine largest stones cut from the Cullinan diamond which was discovered in Transvaal, South Africa in 1905. The stones are each named Cullinan I to IX after the owner of the mine in which it was found. Cullinan I is...

An exact replica of the Koh-i-Noor, a 105.6 carat, oval-cut brilliant diamond. Mined in India, the stone is now part of the British Crown Jewels and kept in the Tower of London. (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, aka Prince...

A c. 1661 portrait by John Michael Wright of Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685) wearing his royal regalia. The orb and sceptre have been used in English/British coronation ceremonies ever since and are part of the British Crown Jewels...

A c. 1683 painting by John Riley of Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685 CE) wearing armour and with the new British Crown Jewels. (The Weiss Gallery)

An early 19th-century illustration of 'Colonel' Thomas Blood (1618-80) who infamously tried and failed to steal the British Crown Jewels from the Tower of London in 1671.

Society in the Kingdom of France in the period of the Ancien Regime was broken up into three separate estates, or social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. These classes and their accompanying power dynamics, originating...