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Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) was a religious reformer, Puritan dissident, midwife, and alleged prophetess whose beliefs and influence brought her into conflict with the magistrates of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, especially its governor...

Mary of Guise (aka Marie de Lorraine, 1515-1560) was a French noblewoman who became the second wife of James V of Scotland (r. 1513-1542). With the premature death of her husband, her daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567) became queen...

Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) was an English poet, scholar, soldier, and courtier, one of the most prominent figures at the court of Queen Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603). During his lifetime, he was revered as the ideal Elizabethan...

Martin Bucer (l. 1491-1551) was a German reformer and theologian who had been a Dominican friar and priest until converted to the Protestant vision by Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) c. 1518. Bucer is best known for his focus on unity among...

John Robinson (l. 1576-1625 CE) was the pastor of the Leiden congregation of separatists, some of whom made up the party (later known as pilgrims) who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 CE to establish the Plymouth Colony in North America. Robinson...

The Kappel Wars (also known as the Wars of Kappel) were armed conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Switzerland during the Swiss Reformation. The First Kappel War ended before it began in 1529, while the second, in 1531, concluded...

The Monmouth Rebellion of June-July 1685 involved James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685), illegitimate son of Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685), attempting to take the throne of his uncle James II of England (r. 1685-1688). Monmouth's...

The Lady of Guadalupe in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, photograph by Daniel Case, Mexico City, 20 July, 2015. Patronness of the Americas in the Catholic tradition, Our Lady of Guadalupe is an image of Mary, Mother of Jesus, that...

The Virgin of Guadalupe with the Four Apparitions, painting by Nicolás Enríquez, Mexico, 1773. This image depicts Our Lady of Guadalupe, an image of the Virgin Mary specific to Mexico/New Spain and her four apparitions in December of 1531...

Our Mother!, photograph by Lawrence OP, Tonopah, 12 December, 2023. This stained glass window at the Poor Clares chapel in Tonopah, Arizona, depicts the moment during the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe to Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin...