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Map of Spanish Main & West Indies c.1720
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of Spanish Main & West Indies c.1720 - Treasure Fleets and Imperial Competition in the 18th Century

During the 18th century, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico formed one of the most strategically contested regions of the Atlantic world. Initially dominated by the Spanish Empire, this maritime zone, often referred to as the Spanish...
Life on a Colonial Sugar Plantation
Article by Mark Cartwright

Life on a Colonial Sugar Plantation

Raising sugar cane could be a very profitable business, but producing refined sugar was a highly labour-intensive process. For this reason, European colonial settlers in Africa and the Americas used slaves on their plantations, almost all...
The Sea Dogs - Queen Elizabeth's Privateers
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Sea Dogs - Queen Elizabeth's Privateers

The sea dogs, as they were disparagingly called by the Spanish authorities, were privateers who, with the consent and sometimes financial support of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE), attacked and plundered Spanish colonial settlements...
Treasure Ports of the Spanish Main
Article by Mark Cartwright

Treasure Ports of the Spanish Main

The treasure ports of the Spanish Main such as Cartagena, Portobelo, Panama, and Veracruz were used to collect the riches the Spanish Empire had extracted from the Americas, ready for transport in the two annual treasure fleets back to Europe...
An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua
Book Review ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ by Javíer Gordon

An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua

This book is a collection of essays that blends archaeology, archival research, and environmental studies to examine the history and material culture of Betty's Hope, established in the 1650s by the Codrington family. Moreover, Fox, alongside...
Obeah, Race and Racism: Caribbean Witchcraft in the English Imagination
Book Review ★ ★ ★ ★ ☆ by Ashleigh C. Onfroy

Obeah, Race and Racism: Caribbean Witchcraft in the English Imagination

Obeah, Race and Racism: Caribbean Witchcraft in the English Imagination is a historical account of how the practices of Obeah by enslaved Africans came to be perceived, feared, recognised, and even utilised by European captors. This book...
Christopher Columbus
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (l. 1451-1506 CE, also known as Cristoffa Corombo in Ligurian and Cristoforo Colombo in Italian) was a Genoese explorer (identified as Italian) who became famous in his own time as the man who discovered the New World...
Isabella I of Castile
Definition by Alexa Galue

Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504), was Queen of Castile (r. 1474-1504) and of Aragon (r. 1479-1504) alongside her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Her reign included the unification of Spain, the reconquest of Granada, sponsoring...
Louisiana Purchase
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal made in 1803, in which the United States purchased 828,000 square miles (2,144,510 km²) of land west of the Mississippi River from France for $15 million, or an average of three cents per acre. The purchase...
Orisha
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Orisha

Orisha (also given as Orisa and Orishas) are supernatural entities usually referred to as deities in the Yoruba religion of West Africa, though they are actually emanations or avatars of the supreme being Olodumare. Their number is usually...
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