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Tezcatlipoca
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tezcatlipoca - The Greatest of Aztec Gods

Tezcatlipoca (pron. Tez-ca-tli-po-ca) or 'Smoking Mirror' in Nahuatl was one of the most important gods in Postclassical Mesoamerican culture and particularly important for the Toltecs and the Aztecs, especially at Texcoco. He was an invisible...
Aztec Turquoise Shield
Image by The British Museum

Aztec Turquoise Shield

An Aztec (Mexica) shield of wood covered in turquoise and shell mosaic. Likely used only as a ceremonial shield. The design shows solar disks and a long, winding snake crisscrossing the shield horizontally. The shield was dedicated to the...
Expansion of the Aztec Empire
Image by Maunus

Expansion of the Aztec Empire

A map illustrating the various stages of Aztec expansion under successive rulers in the 15th and early 16th centuries CE.
A Gallery of Chinese Art & Architecture
Image Gallery by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Chinese Art & Architecture

Chinese culture developed from small communities such as Banpo Village (c. 4500 BCE) through the early Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BCE) and the great dynastic periods that followed after, creating some of the most striking and memorable works...
La Malinche
Article by Jordy Samuels

La Malinche - A Complicated Woman in Context

La Malinche, or Malintzin, was the primary interpreter in the retinue of Hernán Cortés during his conquest of Mexico in the early 16th century and has become one of the most divisive women in Mexican history. Though she was called Malintzin...
The Iberian Conquest of the Americas
Article by James Hancock

The Iberian Conquest of the Americas

European explorers began to probe the Western Hemisphere in the early 1500s, and they found to their utter amazement not only a huge landmass but also a world filled with several diverse and populous indigenous cultures. Among their most...
Map of the Rise and Fall of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Rise and Fall of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire - Alliance, Expansion, and Tribute Power in Mesoamerica

The Mexica (commonly referred to as the Aztecs) emerged as a dominant power in central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period, culminating in the formation of the Triple Alliance (1427/28 CE) between Tenochtitlán, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan...
Leon Battista Alberti
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472 CE) was an Italian scholar, architect, mathematician, and advocate of Renaissance humanism. Alberti famously wrote the treatise On Architecture where he outlines the key elements of classical architecture...
Tarascan Civilization
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tarascan Civilization

The Tarascan civilization (aka the Purépecha, after their language) dominated western Mexico and built an empire that would bring it into direct conflict with that other great Mesoamerican civilization of the Post-classic period, the Aztecs...
Quetzalcóatl
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Quetzalcóatl

Quetzalcóatl (pron. Quet-zal-co-at) or 'Plumed Serpent' was one of the most important gods in ancient Mesoamerica. Quetzalcóatl was the god of winds and rain, and the creator of the world and humanity. A mix of bird and rattlesnake, his name...
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