Images

The Ramsund carving in Södermanland, Sweden, dated to the 11th-century CE. The runestone depicts scenes from the legend of Sigurd the dragon slayer: - - Sigurd sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the heart of the dragon Fafnir...

The Stanwick Horse Mask is Celtic bronze horse head mask which was discovered as part of the Stanwick Hoard of North Yorkshire, England. The piece is concave and has side brackets to attach it to another object, perhaps an item made of wood...

The 'God of Bouray', often identified as the Celtic god Cernunnos. Found in Bouray, near Paris. Bronze. Height: 42 cm. 1st century BCE. (Archaeological Museum of Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines, France)

A photorealistic facial reconstruction of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus (r. 305-306 CE), the father of Constantine the Great (306-337 CE). Based on coinage and busts from the reign of Constantius Chlorus.

A photorealistic facial reconstruction of Roman emperor Arcadius (395-408 CE). This reconstruction is based on coinage and busts from the reign of Arcadius.

3D model render of the Saqqara necropolis looking north. The pyramids of Unas (r. c. 2345–2315 BCE) (left) and Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) (middle) are in the foreground. Render by Savannah Dawson. Reprinted from Constructing the Sacred: Visibility...

A photorealistic representation of Ptolemy II of Egypt (284-246 BCE) as he may have appeared early in his reign. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including busts, coinage, and descriptions of Ptolemy II in historical...

A photorealistic representation of Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) as he may have appeared in life. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including bust, coinage, and descriptions of Julius Caesar in historical accounts. Contemporary...

A photorealistic representation of the Persian king Darius III (r. 336-330 BCE) as he may have appeared. This reconstruction is largely based on artistic evidence like the Alexander Mosaic (c. 100 BCE) and coins minted during the reign of...

A photorealistic representation of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) as he may have appeared in life. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including busts, coin portraits and statuary, as well as descriptions of Alexander...