Images

Pope Pius IV promulgates the bull Benedictus Deus, ratifying the Canons of the Council of Trent in 1564. Fresco by Pasquale Cati, 1588. Altemps Chapel, Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome.

This map illustrates the dramatic rise and gradual decline of Spain as a global imperial power between the late 15th and late 17th centuries. Emerging from a union of northern Iberian kingdoms, Spain reached its zenith under Habsburg rule...

A 17th-century illustration showing the massacre of the Spanish community at Cumaná on Hispaniola in 1515. The community was an attempt at a more peaceful rule over indigenous peoples.

A 19th-century painting by Felix Parra (1845-1919) of the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566) who sought to end the abuses of indigenous peoples going on in the New World.

Alfred Dreyfus on Devil's Island in 1898, stereoscopy by F. Hamel, Altona-Hamburg.

Law of Separation of Churches and the State, 1905. National Archives of France.

J'Accuse, open letter about the Dreyfus Affair by Émile Zola, published in L'Aurore, 13 January 1898.

Alfred Dreyfus stripped of his rank, illustration published in the Petit Journal, 13 January 1895. National Library of France, Paris.

The rise of Christian pilgrimage begins after the conversion of Emperor Constantine (reign 306–337 CE) and the legalization of Christianity in the Edict of Milan (313 CE). The word pilgrim comes from the Latin peregrinus meaning “stranger”...

Council of Trent (1545-1563), fresco by Pasquale Cati, 1588. Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere.