Images

The First Crusade (1096–1099) marked the beginning of a series of military campaigns launched by Western European Christians in response to Pope Urban II's appeal at the Council of Clermont (1095). The goal was to recapture Jerusalem and...

North American bald eagle. Photograph taken in Kachemak Bay, Alaska by Andy Morffew, 2016.

This infographic illustrates the Varna caste system in ancient India. First mentioned in the Rig Veda's Purusha Sukta c. 1200–1000 BCE, it shows society divided into four groups that emerged from the sacrifice of Purusha, a transcendent and...

A modern (and speculative) colourisation of a 1941 photograph showing troops of Germany's Afrika Korps in North Africa during the Second World War (1939-45).

The emblem on a tank of the Deutsches Afrika Korps, Germany's armoured divisions active in North Africa during the Second World War (1939-45). (Imperial War Museums)

The German commander Erwin Rommel inspects the German Afrika Korps in North Africa in March 1941. He is accompanied by General Garibaldo on the left. (Imperial War Museums)

Coins of Euthydemus II, early 2nd century BCE. Peshawar Museum, Pakistan.

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1077–1308 CE) emerged in the aftermath of the Seljuk victory over Byzantium at the Battle of Manzikert (1071), which opened Anatolia to Turko-Persian expansion. The term Rûm (derived from the Greek Rhomaioi, “Romans,”...

Constitution of the United States, 17 September 1787. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.

The First Triumvirate was an informal and secret political alliance formed in 60 BCE between three of Rome's most powerful figures: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. This alliance allowed them to bypass the Roman...