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656 - 661The murder of Caliph Uthman causes the eruption of the First Fitna (civil war). Muawiya surfaces as a major opposer of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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656The Battle of the Camel.
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656 - 661Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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657Battle of Siffin.
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Jan 657Ali ibn Abi Talib moves his empire's capital to Kufa in Iraq.
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661Caliph Ali is assassinated by the Kharijites.