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Definition
Aethelred the Unready
Aethelred II, also known as Aethelred the Unready, was king of the English from 978-1013 and 1014-1016. His long reign was initially stable, but Viking attacks on England escalated from the 990s onward. Viking incursions eventually grew so...

Article
The Twelve Tribes of Israel
The Twelve Tribes of Israel refer to the sons of the Jewish Patriarch Jacob and are important for the tribal lineages of those who constituted the nation of Israel. In the ancient world, all ethnic groups developed stories of their ancestors...

Collection
Scottish Medieval Monarchs
In this collection, we present the 15 most important of the 21 monarchs to rule Scotland from the 11th to 16th century. For the first time forging a unified kingdom, the monarchs of this period were often warrior-kings who conquered the remoter...

Image Gallery
A Gallery of Ancient Egyptian Monarchs & Nobility
The monarchs and nobility were at the top of the social structure in ancient Egypt and were supposed to serve as role models for the rest of the people concerning the will of the gods and one’s proper response to their many blessings. The...

Video
Enlightened Monarchs: Crash Course
Last time we learned about the Enlightenment, and the philosophers and thinkers whose ideas would shape governance for hundred of years. This week, we're learning how monarchs across Europe were influenced by those ideas. Adoption of Enlightenment...

Image
Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs.
Painting of Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504) and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516) entertaining their royal subjects. Unknown artist.

Definition
Aelfgifu of Northampton
Aelfgifu of Northampton (fl. 1013-1037) was an English noble who married the English and Danish king Cnut (r. 1016-1035) and was the mother of the English king Harold I Harefoot (r. 1035-1040). Aelfgifu reached the height of her influence...

Article
The Danish Conquest of England
The Danish conquest of England was not a singular event, but a series of large Viking invasions of England between 1013 and 1016, which eventually overthrew the native English dynasty. As a result, four kings from the House of Denmark ruled...

Image
Kwenthryth & King Ecbert
Amy Bailey as Kwenthryth and Linus Roach as King Ecbert of Wessex in the TV series Vikings.
Photo by HISTORY - © 2013 The HISTORY Channel

Definition
Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor, also known as Saint Edward the Confessor, reigned as king of England from 1042 to 1066 CE. Edward was reliant on the powerful Godwine (aka Godwin) family to keep his kingdom together but his achievements included a relatively...