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Robert Guiscard
Definition by Christopher L. Serafin

Robert Guiscard

Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) was a Norman knight best known for conquering much of Southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th century. His many exploits include the expulsion of the Byzantines from Italy, support of a reformist papacy, and...
Robert II of Scotland
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert II of Scotland

Robert II of Scotland ruled as king from 1371 to 1390. Born Robert Stewart, he succeeded the heirless David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371) and so founded the royal house of Stewart. Dividing Scottish estates between his many offspring, Robert...
Robert the Bruce
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert the Bruce

Robert I of Scotland, better known as Robert the Bruce, reigned as King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329 CE. For his role in achieving independence from England, Robert the Bruce has long been regarded as a national hero and one of Scotland's...
Battle of Chippawa
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Chippawa

The Battle of Chippawa (5 July 1814) was a major battle in the War of 1812, in which a US army proved its newfound discipline by defeating British regulars during the Americans' third attempted invasion of the Niagara Peninsula. Though the...
Robert Schumann
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann (1810-1856) was a German composer of Romantic music, particularly piano and orchestral works, as well as over 250 songs or lieder. He was also a musical critic and founded his own magazine. His wife Clara Schumann (1819-1896...
Battle of Lundy's Lane
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Lundy's Lane

The Battle of Lundy's Lane (25 July 1814) was one of the bloodiest battles of the War of 1812. Fought near the location of present-day Niagara Falls, it saw a US army under Jacob Brown clash with a British force under Gordon Drummond. Although...
Battle of Fort George
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Fort George

The Battle of Fort George (27 May 1813) was an important battle in the War of 1812. It saw the United States launch a successful amphibious assault to capture Fort George, the main British outpost on the Niagara frontier. The Americans, however...
Robert Boyle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was an Anglo-Irish chemist, physicist, and experimental philosopher. Boyle was a prolific author, made significant experiments with air pumps, and presented the first litmus test. A founding member of the Royal Society...
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (l. c. 1532-1588), was a high-ranking courtier who rose to become a favourite of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603). Rumours abounded that Dudley sought to marry the queen, and their relationship may...
Winfield Scott, 1814
Image by David Edwin and Joseph Wood

Winfield Scott, 1814

Winfield Scott as a major general in 1814, during the War of 1812. Portrait by David Edwin and Joseph Wood, 1814. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
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